MECHANICAL STIMULUS TO CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPER-COOLED LIQUIDS.<sup>1</sup>

Young, S. W.

doi:10.1021/ja02215a003

Cited by 52 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The formation of vortices resulting from the expansion of a fluid into a larger pipe was discussed in the literature as early as 1929 by Johansen [26] who likened it to the flow, which occurs past a bluff body, except that the flow was symmetrical across three dimensions. In agreement with this observation Bruns [27] predicted the frequency of vortex shedding resulting from the expansion of a fluid using the Strouhal number (6).…”

Section: Diameter Of Obstruction (M) D Orsupporting

confidence: 53%

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Nucleation of Alpha lactose monohydrate induced using flow through a venturi orifice

McLeod¹,

Paterson

Bronlund

et al. 2010

Journal of Crystal Growth

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Section: Diameter Of Obstruction (M) D Orsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Young [6] remarked, ''In the labile state the crystallization must spontaneously occur sooner or later. The time required may be very short or very long, and may, in general, be reduced by a variety of causes, especially by agitation.''…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation of Alpha lactose monohydrate induced using flow through a venturi orifice

McLeod¹,

Paterson

Bronlund

et al. 2010

Journal of Crystal Growth

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“…A mechanical disturbance, such as agitation, is also a known method to enhance the nucleation of a crystallization process. [26][27][28] Before crystallization occurs, the system has to enter the metastable part of the phase diagram, and a nucleation event is necessary to start the crystallization process. There are many examples where nucleation is triggered by penetrating the metastable part of the phase diagram by cooling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shear Pulses Nucleate Fibril Aggregation

et al. 2006

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We have studied the effect of shear flow on the formation of amyloid fibrils of the whey protein blactoglobulin. b-Lactoglobulin aggregates into long, thin, and semiflexible fibrils upon heating at low pH and low ionic strength. Solutions with a protein concentration of 0.5% (w/w) were used, and the formation of fibrils was quantified with flow-induced birefringence, a proportional measure of the length concentration of the fibrils. From the decay of the birefringence after cessation of the flow, a length distribution could be fitted. Pulsed and continuous shear treatment of the samples resulted in a comparable enhancement of the fibrillar growth as compared to the fibrillar growth under quiescent conditions. This indicates that the onset of shear flow is the key parameter for the enhancement of fibrillar growth and not the continuous shear flow itself. This behavior is comparable to a nucleation-like process, during which preaggregates of the fibrils are induced during the onset of the flow and orthokinetic coagulation is absent. However, a difference was present in the length distribution between the pulsed and continuously sheared samples, which can be explained by the homogenizing effect of shear flow.

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“…He argued against Ostwald's metastable limit on the grounds that crystallization often takes place even with slight supercooling after only a few seconds. Young (1910) pointed out that no eyperimental evidence exists for dividing the supercooled range for water into two parts.…”

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice Fog: Low Temperature Air Pollution Defined With Fairbanks, Alaska as Type Locality

Benson¹

1965

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Stable pressure systems over interior Alaska sometimes produce prolonged, extreme (below -40 0 C) cold spells at the surface.The meteorological conditions responsible for two such cold spells are discussed in detail in Appendix A, where it is shown that the rate of radiative cooling of the air is enhanced by suspended ice crystals which are themselves a result of the initial cooling.Radiation fogs formed during the onset of cold spells are generally of short duration because the air soon becomes desiccated. These fogs consist of supercooled water droplets until the air temperature goes below the "spontaneous freezing point" for water droplets (about -40°C); the fog then becomes an ice crystal fog, or simply "Ice Fog`ý.During the cooling cycle water is gradually condensed out of the air until the droplets freeze.At this point there is a sharp, discontinuous decrease in the saturation vapor pressure of the air because it must be reckoned over Ice rather than over water.The polluted air over Fairbanks allows droplets to begin freezing at the relatively high temperature of -35*C. Between -35 and -40 0 C the amount of water vapor condensed by freezing of supercooled water droplets is 3 to 5 times greater than the amount condensed by l°C of cooling at these temperatures.This results in rapid and widespread formation of ice fog (Appendix B) which persists in the Fairbanks area as long as the cold spell lasts. The persistence of Fairbanks ice fog depends on a continual source of moisture (4.1 x 106 Kg H 2 0 per day) from human activities within the fog.Ice fog crystals are an order of magnitude smaller than diamond dust, or cirrus cloud crystals, which in turn are an order of magnitude smaller than comnnon snow crystals (0.01, 0.1 and 1 to 5-=n respectively). The differences in size are shown to result from differences in cooling rates over 5 orders of magnitude.Host of the ice fog crystals have settling rates which are slower than the upward velocity of air over the city center.The upward air movement is caused by convection cells driven by the 6VC "heat island" o~er Fairbanks.This causes a reduced precipitation rate which permits the density of ice fog in the city center to be three times greater than that in the outlying areas.The inversions which occur during cold spells over Fairbanks begin at ground level and are among the strongest and most persistent in the world. They are three times stronger than those in the inversion layer over Los Angeles.Thus, the low-lying air over Fairbanks stagnates and becomes effectively decoupled from the atmosphere above, permitting high concentrations of all pollutants.The combustiog of fuel oil, gasoline, and coal provides daily inputs of: 4.1 x 10 kg C02; 8.6 x 103 kg S02; and 60, 46 and 20 kg of Pb, Br and Cl respectively, into a lens-like layer of air resting on the surface with a total volume less than 3 x 109 m 3 .The air pollution over Fairbanks during cold spells couldn't be worse, because the mechanisms for cleaning the air are virtually eliminated while all activi...

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MECHANICAL STIMULUS TO CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPER-COOLED LIQUIDS.¹

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Nucleation of Alpha lactose monohydrate induced using flow through a venturi orifice

Nucleation of Alpha lactose monohydrate induced using flow through a venturi orifice

Shear Pulses Nucleate Fibril Aggregation

Ice Fog: Low Temperature Air Pollution Defined With Fairbanks, Alaska as Type Locality

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MECHANICAL STIMULUS TO CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPER-COOLED LIQUIDS.1

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Nucleation of Alpha lactose monohydrate induced using flow through a venturi orifice

Nucleation of Alpha lactose monohydrate induced using flow through a venturi orifice

Shear Pulses Nucleate Fibril Aggregation

Ice Fog: Low Temperature Air Pollution Defined With Fairbanks, Alaska as Type Locality

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Product

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MECHANICAL STIMULUS TO CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPER-COOLED LIQUIDS.¹