Mechanical properties of the porcine growth plate vary with developmental stage

Wosu, Roxanne; Sergerie, Kim; Lévesque, Martin; Villemure, Isabelle

doi:10.1007/s10237-011-0310-6

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Taken together, the results of our investigations suggest that the growth cartilage at the cranio‐proximal aspect of the secondary ossification centre in the lateral ridge of the equine femoral trochlea has a distinct matrix composition at birth. These subregional matrix variations may be associated with growth spurts and decrease the epiphyseal cartilage mechanical properties subregionally as recently illustrated in the ulnar physis of growing pigs . We speculate that a temporary focal weakening of the epiphyseal cartilage could predispose the vessels, housed within, to injury precipitating the early ischemic events of osteochondrosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second‐harmonic microscopy, and histological findings

Martel

Couture

Gilbert³

et al. 2016

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Osteochondrosis is an ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage that results in focal failure of endochondral ossification and osteochondritis dissecans at specific sites in the epiphyses of humans and animals, including horses. The upstream events leading to the focal ischemia remain unknown. The epiphyseal growth cartilage matrix is composed of proteoglycan and collagen macromolecules and encases its vascular tree in canals. The matrix undergoes major dynamic changes in early life that could weaken it biomechanically and predispose it to focal trauma and vascular failure. Subregions in neonatal foal femoral epiphyses (n ¼ 10 osteochondrosis predisposed; n ¼ 6 control) were assessed for proteoglycan and collagen structure/content employing 3T quantitative MRI (3T qMRI: T1r and T2 maps). Site-matched validations were made with histology, immunohistochemistry, and second-harmonic microscopy. Growth cartilage T1r and T2 relaxation times were significantly increased (p < 0.002) within the proximal third of the trochlea, a site predisposed to osteochondrosis, when compared with other regions. However, this was observed in both control and osteochondrosis predisposed specimens. Microscopic evaluation of this region revealed an expansive area with low proteoglycan content and a hypertrophic-like appearance on second-harmonic microscopy. We speculate that this matrix structure and composition, though physiological, may weaken the epiphyseal growth cartilage biomechanically in focal regions and could enhance the risk of vascular failure with trauma leading to osteochondrosis. However, additional investigations are now required to confirm this. 3T qMRI will be useful for future non-invasive longitudinal studies to track the osteochondrosis disease trajectory in animals and humans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second‐harmonic microscopy, and histological findings

Martel

Couture

Gilbert³

et al. 2016

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…We employed the method of maximum likelihood via a linear quadratic estimation (Kalman filter) algorithm to estimate the parameters in the transition model. This algorithm enables us to calculate the exact likelihood function, which includes the distribution of the first few observations of each donor [16-18]. As a result, the maximum likelihood estimation also includes the information of donors who have made fewer visits than the order of the transition model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting hemoglobin levels in whole blood donors using transition models and mixed effects models

Nasserinejad

Kort

Baart

et al. 2013

BMC Med Res Methodol

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BackgroundTo optimize the planning of blood donations but also to continue motivating the volunteers it is important to streamline the practical organization of the timing of donations. While donors are asked to return for donation after a suitable period, still a relevant proportion of blood donors is deferred from donation each year due to a too low hemoglobin level. Rejection of donation may demotivate the candidate donor and implies an inefficient planning of the donation process. Hence, it is important to predict the future hemoglobin level to improve the planning of donors’ visits to the blood bank.MethodsThe development of the hemoglobin prediction rule is based on longitudinal (panel) data from blood donations collected by Sanquin (the only blood product collecting and supplying organization in the Netherlands). We explored and contrasted two popular statistical models, i.e. the transition (autoregressive) model and the mixed effects model as plausible models to account for the dependence among subsequent hemoglobin levels within a donor.ResultsThe predictors of the future hemoglobin level are age, season, hemoglobin levels at the previous visits, and a binary variable indicating whether a donation was made at the previous visit. Based on cross-validation, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for male donors are 0.83 and 0.81 for the transition model and the mixed effects model, respectively; for female donors we obtained AUC values of 0.73 and 0.72 for the transition model and the mixed effects model, respectively.ConclusionWe showed that the transition models and the mixed effects models provide a much better prediction compared to a multiple linear regression model. In general, the transition model provides a somewhat better prediction than the mixed effects model, especially at high visit numbers. In addition, the transition model offers a better trade-off between sensitivity and specificity when varying the cut-off values for eligibility in predicted values. Hence transition models make the prediction of hemoglobin level more precise and may lead to less deferral from donation in the future.

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“…The application of epiphyseal displacement equivalent to 20% of the initial growth plate thickness was motivated by the need to obtain mesoscale values for Young’s modulus by simulating compression experiments on fully developed growth plate explants [ 37 ]. This prescribed displacement resulted in a 14.8% compressive growth plate strain across the combined layers of the reserve, proliferative and hypertrophic zones, which is representative of published explant growth plate experiments used for comparison ( Table 2 ) and other growth plate explant experiments [ 38 , 52 – 54 ]. Finite element simulations of rabbit experiments suggested that growth plate stresses reached values of 0.1 to 0.6 MPa in compression during activities such as sitting [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Regional Variations in Growth Plate Chondrocyte Deformation as Predicted By Three-Dimensional Multi-Scale Simulations

2015

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The physis, or growth plate, is a complex disc-shaped cartilage structure that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth. In this study, a multi-scale computational approach was undertaken to better understand how physiological loads are experienced by chondrocytes embedded inside chondrons when subjected to moderate strain under instantaneous compressive loading of the growth plate. Models of representative samples of compressed bone/growth-plate/bone from a 0.67 mm thick 4-month old bovine proximal tibial physis were subjected to a prescribed displacement equal to 20% of the growth plate thickness. At the macroscale level, the applied compressive deformation resulted in an overall compressive strain across the proliferative-hypertrophic zone of 17%. The microscale model predicted that chondrocytes sustained compressive height strains of 12% and 6% in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones, respectively, in the interior regions of the plate. This pattern was reversed within the outer 300 μm region at the free surface where cells were compressed by 10% in the proliferative and 26% in the hypertrophic zones, in agreement with experimental observations. This work provides a new approach to study growth plate behavior under compression and illustrates the need for combining computational and experimental methods to better understand the chondrocyte mechanics in the growth plate cartilage. While the current model is relevant to fast dynamic events, such as heel strike in walking, we believe this approach provides new insight into the mechanical factors that regulate bone growth at the cell level and provides a basis for developing models to help interpret experimental results at varying time scales.

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Mechanical properties of the porcine growth plate vary with developmental stage

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second‐harmonic microscopy, and histological findings

Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second‐harmonic microscopy, and histological findings

Predicting hemoglobin levels in whole blood donors using transition models and mixed effects models

Regional Variations in Growth Plate Chondrocyte Deformation as Predicted By Three-Dimensional Multi-Scale Simulations

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