Mechanical properties of modern calcite- (Mergerlia truncata) and phosphate-shelled brachiopods (Discradisca stella and Lingula anatina) determined by nanoindentation

Merkel, Casjen; Deuschle, Julia; Griesshaber, Erika; Enders, S.; Steinhauser, E.; Hochleitner, Rupert; Brand, Uwe; Schmahl, Wolfgang W.

doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2009.08.014

Cited by 69 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…One effect of the biomolecules occluded in the calcite crystals is the inhibition of dislocation motion. Thus the "soft" component increases component increases the hardness probed by a nano-scale indent by a factor of two compared to inorganic calcite single crystals (Griesshaber et al, 2007;Schmahl et al, 2008;Merkel et al, 2009). Dislocation motion is also the cause of the {104} cleavage of calcite and this is also inhibited by the macromolecules inside the calcite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…An obvious distinguishing feature in the resulting properties is the absence of {104} cleavage (Fig. 9) and the increased hardness of the biocalcite (Schmahl et al, 2008, Merkel et al, 2009) compared to abiotic calcite.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(The bending stresses in a solid layer are proportional to thickness, Currey, 2006). This design principle is found in a much more sophisticated structure in the shell of the phosphatic brachiopod Lingula anatina (Merkel et al, 2009), where thin mineralized layers alternate with purely organic layers in a laminate. The design principle of a thin hard cap on a ductile base is used e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both in biology and technology, the plywood-like arrangement of sublayers of the fibrous layer are a common measure to improve material strength and toughness in hierarchical fiber composites. They are found in vertebrate bone (Weiner et al, 1999), lingulid brachiopods (Schmahl et al, 2008, Merkel et al, 2009, and in the cross-laminated layer of mollusks (Kamat et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hierarchical structure of marine shell biomaterials: biomechanical functionalization of calcite by brachiopods

Schmahl¹,

Griesshaber²,

Kelm³

et al. 2012

Zeitschrift Für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials

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Abstract. Biologic structural materials for skeletons or teeth show a hierarchical architecture, where organic macromolecules and mineral substance form a hybrid composite material with its components inter-weaved on many length scales. On the nanostructure level brachiopods form hybrid composite mesocrystals of calcite with occluded organic molecules. On the microstructure level several types of materials are produced, on which the electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique gives insight in texture and architecture. We describe the calcite single-crystal fiber composite architecture of the secondary layer involving organic matrix membranes, the competitive-growth texture of the columnar layer and the nanostructuring of the primary layer. In the overall skeleton the organic biopolymers provide flexibility and tensile strength while the mineral provides a high elastic modulus, compressive strength, hardness and resistance to abrasion. The hierarchical composite architecture, from the nanostructure to the macroscopic level provides fracture toughness. The morphogenesis of the biomaterial as a whole and of the mineral crystals is guided by the organic matrix and most probably involves amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursors. In this paper we review the hierarchical architecture of rhynchonelliform brachiopod shells, which is very distinct from mollusk nacre.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hierarchical structure of marine shell biomaterials: biomechanical functionalization of calcite by brachiopods

Schmahl¹,

Griesshaber²,

Kelm³

et al. 2012

Zeitschrift Für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials

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“…It is therefore likely that the structures of the mineral -organic matrix in Lingula shell and Discinisca shell have been naturally selected to fulfil different roles and, by comparison, provide clues to how structure and composition relate to differing biomaterial properties. Differences in inter-and intracrystalline organic matrix organization have implications for properties such as hardness, flexibility and the ability to resist crack propagation [29]. For example, the increased flexibility and reduced brittleness of the Lingula compared with other brachiopod shells is ascribed to the presence of more distinctive and thinner laminated layers of interleaved fibrous organic, and crystalline, matter [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasts between organic participation in apatite biomineralization in brachiopod shell and vertebrate bone identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Neary

Reid

Mason

et al. 2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Unusually for invertebrates, linguliform brachiopods employ calcium phosphate mineral in hard tissue formation, in common with the evolutionarily distant vertebrates. Using solidstate nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR) and X-ray powder diffraction, we compare the organic constitution, crystallinity and organic matrix -mineral interface of phosphatic brachiopod shells with those of vertebrate bone. In particular, the organic -mineral interfaces crucial for the stability and properties of biomineral were probed with SSNMR rotational echo double resonance (REDOR). Lingula anatina and Discinisca tenuis shell materials yield strikingly dissimilar SSNMR spectra, arguing for quite different organic constitutions. However, their fluoroapatite-like mineral is highly crystalline, unlike the poorly ordered hydroxyapatite of bone. Neither shell material shows 13 Cf 31 Pg REDOR effects, excluding strong physico-chemical interactions between mineral and organic matrix, unlike bone in which glycosaminoglycans and proteins are composited with mineral at sub-nanometre length scales. Differences between organic matrix of shell material from L. anatina and D. tenuis, and bone reflect evolutionary pressures from contrasting habitats and structural purposes. The absence of organic -mineral intermolecular associations in brachiopod shell argues that biomineralization follows different mechanistic pathways to bone; their details hold clues to the molecular structural evolution of phosphatic biominerals, and may provide insights into novel composite design.

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Additive Manufacturing of Porous Biominerals

Zhao

Wittig

Angelis

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Nature fabricates hard functional materials from soft organic scaffolds that are mineralized. To enable an energy‐efficient locomotion of these creatures while maintaining their structural stability, nature often renders parts of these minerals porous. Unfortunately, methods to produce synthetic minerals with a similar degree of control over their multi length scale porous structure remain elusive. This level of control, however, would be required to design lightweight yet robust biominerals. Here, a room temperature process is presented that combines a localized mineralization with emulsion‐based 3D printing to form cm sized biominerals possessing pores whose diameters range from the 100 s of nm up to the mm length scale. The samples encompass up to 80 wt% of CaCO3 and display a specific compressive strength that is significantly higher than that of previously reported 3D printed porous biominerals and close to those of trabecular bones. The universality of this approach by forming different types of bioactive minerals, including calcite, aragonite, and brushite is demonstrated. The ability to 3D print these materials under benign conditions renders this energy‐efficient process well‐suited to construct cm‐sized lightweight yet load‐bearing structures that might find applications, for example, in the design of the next generation of flying or motile objects.

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Mechanical properties of modern calcite- (Mergerlia truncata) and phosphate-shelled brachiopods (Discradisca stella and Lingula anatina) determined by nanoindentation

Cited by 69 publications

References 37 publications

Hierarchical structure of marine shell biomaterials: biomechanical functionalization of calcite by brachiopods

Hierarchical structure of marine shell biomaterials: biomechanical functionalization of calcite by brachiopods

Contrasts between organic participation in apatite biomineralization in brachiopod shell and vertebrate bone identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Additive Manufacturing of Porous Biominerals

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