Mechanical properties of hexagonal lattice structures fabricated using continuous liquid interface production additive manufacturing

McGregor, Davis J.; Tawfick, Sameh; King, William P.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.11.002

Cited by 35 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…15 Layered fabrication as a result of SLA typically leads to mechanical anisotropy; yet, SLA-printed parts are effectively isotropic due to inter-layer crosslinks formed during photopolymerization. 11,16,17 SLA resins that are readily available usually contain both (meth)acrylate and/or epoxy functionality, both of which are polymerized via light. (Meth)acrylate-based resins typically lead to less accurate parts and overall distortion due to high shrinkage during cure and lower mechanical properties; however, (meth)acrylate-based resins can be polymerized quickly due to high cure rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network toughening of additively manufactured, high glass transition temperature materials via sequentially cured, interpenetrating polymers

Bassett

Honnig

Scala

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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Vinyl ester and epoxy-amine resins are used to produce polymeric materials for numerous commercial and military applications due to their relatively high moduli (>2 GPa), glass transition temperatures (T g s) (≥120°C) and adequate fracture toughness (G 1C ≈ 200-250 J m −2 ). Most commercially available vinyl ester and epoxy-amine resins are typically cured into polymeric materials via traditional manufacturing techniques, such as resin transfer molding and thermal curing. However, additive manufacturing (AM) has gained significant traction as a favorable manufacturing technique over traditional methods due to the ability to create customizable parts with complex geometries on-demand. Manipulation of polymer network connectivity using a dual-cure mechanism of methacrylate free radical cure via stereolithography (SLA) and epoxy-amine thermal cure for the in situ creation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) for AM was investigated. Resins and formulations of individual monomers bearing both vinyl ester and epoxy functionality were either synthesized or formulated to elucidate the effect of interconnecting the two networks at the molecular level. The formation of a multi-mechanistic, interconnected, sequentially cured IPN via SLA yielded polymeric materials with glass transition temperatures that exceeded 120°C. Polymer network connectivity was shown to have a minimal impact on thermomechanical and thermogravimetric properties. IPN formation was shown to afford materials with high storage moduli (E 0 values as high as 3.2 GPa), tensile strengths (as high as 51 MPa), Young's moduli (exceeding 3.5 GPa) and fracture energies (as high as 790 J m −2 ).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network toughening of additively manufactured, high glass transition temperature materials via sequentially cured, interpenetrating polymers

Bassett

Honnig

Scala

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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“…In other cases, the models are limited to simple geometries (Obst et al , 2018), (Chen et al , 2017) taking into account interaction of forces (Obst et al , 2018), reliability after holes (Keles et al , 2017), empirical correlations to include effects of composition (Alaimo et al , 2017), anisotropy (Keles et al , 2017), generalized material. The majority of studies focus on the static characterization of materials manufactured by AM [(Fera et al , 2016), (Luzanin et al , 2017), (uz Zaman et al , 2018c), (Martinez et al , 2013), (Mani et al , 2017), (Chacón et al , 2017), (Koch et al , 2017), (Paleti et al , 2017), (Raney et al , 2017), (Song et al , 2017), (Bonatti and Mohr, 2019), (Zadpoor, 2019), (McGregor et al , 2019), (Panda et al , 2014)] and the simulation of their behavior before loads, considering little the characterization of fatigue behaviors [(Gomez-Gras et al , 2018), (Yadollahi and Shamsaei, 2017), (Fischer and Schoppner, 2016)]. In the latter case, the efforts are concentrated more on the processes that use metals than those that use plastics (Lee and Huang, 2013), (Fischer and Schoppner, 2016), (Letcher and Waytashek, 2014), (Ziemian et al , 2015), (Miller et al , 2017).…”

Section: Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design for additive manufacturing: a comprehensive review of the tendencies and limitations of methodologies

Taborda

Maury

Pacheco

2021

RPJ

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Purpose There are many investigations in design methodologies, but there are also divergences and convergences as there are so many points of view. This study aims to evaluate to corroborate and deepen other researchers’ findings, dissipate divergences and provide directing to future work on the subject from a methodological and convergent perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study analyzes the previous reviews (about 15 reviews) and based on the consensus and the classifications provided by these authors, a significant sample of research is analyzed in the design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) theme (approximately 80 articles until June of 2017 and approximately 280–300 articles until February of 2019) through descriptive statistics, to corroborate and deepen the findings of other researchers. Findings Throughout this work, this paper found statistics indicating that the main areas studied are: multiple objective optimizations, execution of the design, general DFAM and DFAM for functional performance. Among the main conclusions: there is a lack of innovation in the products developed with the methodologies, there is a lack of exhaustivity in the methodologies, there are few efforts to include environmental aspects in the methodologies, many of the methods include economic and cost evaluation, but are not very explicit and broad (sustainability evaluation), it is necessary to consider a greater variety of functions, among other conclusions Originality/value The novelty in this study is the methodology. It is very objective, comprehensive and quantitative. The starting point is not the case studies nor the qualitative criteria, but the figures and quantities of methodologies. The main contribution of this review article is to guide future work on the subject from a methodological and convergent perspective and this article provides a broad database with articles containing information on many issues to make decisions: design methodology; optimization; processes, selection of parts and materials; cost and product management; mechanical, electrical and thermal properties; health and environmental impact, etc.

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“…A smooth surface was important for our jet nozzle as surface roughness can create undesirable flow friction, leading to pressure drop, acoustic noise generation, and interrupted flow development within the nozzle. CE possesses very high tensile strength, 92 MPa, and very high Young's modulus, 3.9 GPa, making it suitable for devices requiring mechanical loading [26], [28]. We anticipated potentially large stresses from the high-pressure air, and thus selected this material for its high modulus and strength, although weaker materials would likely provide reasonable performance and durability.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Jet Impingement Cooling of Electronic Devices Using Additively Manufactured Nozzles

Kwon

Foulkes

Yang

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag. Manufact. Technol.

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This article reports the design, fabrication, and demonstration of additively manufactured air jet impingement coolers for the thermal management of high-power gallium nitride (GaN) transistors. The polymer jet coolers impinge high-speed airflow with a velocity of 42-195 m/s (Reynolds number between 1.87×10 4 and 8.77×10 4 ) onto working GaN devices mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). The air jet provides cooling heat fluxes of up to 58.4 W/cm 2 , cooling rates of up to 6.6 • C/s, and convective heat transfer coefficient ranging from 5.2 to 17.0 kW/(m 2 •K). The cooling performance is comparable to that of jet coolers made from other materials and manufacturing technologies. A key benefit of additive manufacturing (AM) is design freedom and geometric complexity, which we highlight by demonstrating three different packaging configurations, each enabled by a different jet cooler design that is customized for different types of packaging configurations: Cooler 1 directs two parallel impinging jets onto the top side of two devices; cooler 2 directs two air jets onto the front side and two air jets onto the back side of two devices; and cooler 3 directs air jets onto the front side of four devices mounted on parallel adjacent circuit boards. The second benefit of AM is the ability to consolidate multiple components into a single part, which we highlight by combining a nozzle, a fluidic delivery system, and a flow distributor within a volume of 80 mm × 80 mm × 100 mm. This work demonstrates the potential of AM to create complex, lightweight, fluidic delivery systems to achieve thermally and hydrodynamically optimized air jet cooling for high-powerdensity electronic devices. Index Terms-Additive manufacturing (AM), convection heat transfer, electronic cooling, jet impingement. I. INTRODUCTIONJ ET impingement cooling has traditionally been used in gas turbine engines and metal quenching processes where rapid removal of heat is necessary. A high rate of fluid flow,

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Mechanical properties of hexagonal lattice structures fabricated using continuous liquid interface production additive manufacturing

Cited by 35 publications

References 24 publications

Network toughening of additively manufactured, high glass transition temperature materials via sequentially cured, interpenetrating polymers

Network toughening of additively manufactured, high glass transition temperature materials via sequentially cured, interpenetrating polymers

Design for additive manufacturing: a comprehensive review of the tendencies and limitations of methodologies

Air Jet Impingement Cooling of Electronic Devices Using Additively Manufactured Nozzles

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