Mechanical Properties of Geopolymers Synthesized from Fly Ash and Red Mud under Ambient Conditions

Koshy, Nevin; Dondrob, Kunga; Hu, Liming; Wen, Quan; Meegoda, Jay N.

doi:10.3390/cryst9110572

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…The fibrous properties and pozzolanic properties of RHA contributed to a strength development of 65 MPa, with 63% CO 2 less energy-intensive outputs. Additionally, the contribution of biomass, e.g., bagasse ash, to geopolymer synthesis satisfied the making of medium-strength geopolymers, as reported by Rukzon and Chindaprasirt [21]. The delivered synthesis comprised of low, porous, medium-strength, complete waste and accelerated the cured geopolymer route to optimize the desired low-strength-based geopolymers.…”

Section: Geopolymer Synthesissupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The microstructural analysis provides evidence of the physical microstructure of geopolymer. This has been conducted by Koshy et al [21] on aluminium industrial waste, i.e., red mud and thermal power plant coal burnt i.e., fly ash, for micro structural geopolymers' characteristics, within varying ages of 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. It is reported that, after 7 days of curing, fly ash showed a rounded but loose pattern, due to less reactivity of particles with alumino-silicate gel around them.…”

Section: Surface Morphological Characterization Through Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) For Engineered Geopolymer Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer Cement/Concrete

Azad

Samarakoon

2021

Sustainability

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There has been a significant movement in the past decades to develop alternative sustainable building material such as geopolymer cement/concrete to control CO2 emission. Industrial waste contains pozzolanic minerals that fulfil requirements to develop the sustainable material such as alumino-silicate based geopolymer. For example, industrial waste such as red mud, fly ash, GBFS/GGBS (granulated blast furnace slag/ground granulated blast furnace slag), rice husk ash (RHA), and bagasse ash consist of minerals that contribute to the manufacturing of geopolymer cement/concrete. A literature review was carried out to study the different industrial waste/by-products and their chemical composition, which is vital for producing geopolymer cement, and to discuss the mechanical properties of geopolymer cement/concrete manufactured using different industrial waste/by-products. The durability, financial benefits and sustainability aspects of geopolymer cement/concrete have been highlighted. As per the experimental results from the literature, the cited industrial waste has been successfully utilized for the synthesis of dry or wet geopolymers. The review revealed that that the use of fly ash, GBFS/GGBS and RHA in geopolymer concrete resulted high compressive strength (i.e., 50 MPa–70 MPa). For high strength (>70 MPa) achievement, most of the slag and ash-based geopolymer cement/concrete in synergy with nano processed waste have shown good mechanical properties and environmental resistant. The alkali-activated geopolymer slag, red mud and fly ash based geopolymer binders give a better durability performance compared with other industrial waste. Based on the sustainability indicators, most of the geopolymers developed using the industrial waste have a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.

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Section: Geopolymer Synthesissupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Surface Morphological Characterization Through Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem) For Engineered Geopolymer Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer Cement/Concrete

Azad

Samarakoon

2021

Sustainability

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“…Considering the small particle size and initial higher reactivity, red mud could be potentially used with other by-products to achieve synergy [7]. Due to the high alkalinity a combination of red mud with materials such as class F fly ash from this research could give good results when used in geopolymers [29]. Finally, the least reactive materials such as slags, if ground finely could serve as inert filler, contributing to the strength development by providing additional space for nucleation growth, or could be used to improve fire or wear resistance of concrete.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Hematite and Gibbsite are highly visible in red mud sample that also contains some amount of calcium carbonate. These non-reactive minerals, together with the low amount of amorphous phase, could negatively influence the strength development of red mud-based concrete [29]. Both fly ashes have a higher amount of amorphous phase, around 90%.…”

Section: Physicochemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Waste Streams as Potential Raw Materials for Immediate Implementation in Cement Production

et al. 2020

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There is an urgent need to apply available technologies to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry. One of the possible solutions that can be implemented immediately is the industrial symbiosis between the waste-producing industries on the one hand and the cement industry, which consumes enormous amounts of raw materials for its production, on the other. In order for the industry to accelerate the use of these available materials and technologies, the potential of these materials must be disclosed. The present study shows a systematic approach to assess the potential of waste materials, by-products, and other raw materials available in the South East Europe that can be used in cement production. Their evaluation included the analysis of their availability, their chemical and physical properties, their chemical reactivity, and their contribution to the mortar’s strength. Based on the results and the analyses carried out, a recommendation for immediate use in the construction sector is given for each of the materials collected.

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“…CaCO 3 and Ca 2+ compounds [25]; stratlingite (C 2 ASH 8 ) and carbonates [26] (0.007~0.24%) 1-7 MPa [37]; / SEM [35]; XRD, FTIR, and TG/DTA [36][37][38]; XPS [41] ettringite, C-S-H and N-A-S-H [35]; aluminous C-S-H, C-A-S-H and 16 MPa (28 d) [64] As, Cu, Cr, and Cd [63], Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, and Cr [65] XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TG [59][60][61]; SEM, XRD, Mid-Infrared spectroscopy (MIR), FTIR [62]; XRD, SEM, FTIR, or TG [63];…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistically Using Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) and Other Solid Wastes to Manufacture Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials

Wenliang

Zheng

et al. 2022

Buildings

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Bauxite residue (red mud) is a solid waste resulting from the aluminum production industry. Disposal or landfill of the red mud (RM) poses irreversible environmental problems; therefore, it is compelling to find practical solutions that can mitigate the negative environmental problems of RM stacking storage. In the past decades, although the recycling of RM has achieved significant progress, challenges remain from both academic and practical perspectives. Previous studies have demonstrated that all the aluminosilicate-based solid wastes have pozzolanic activity, and thus can be considered as resources to manufacture eco-friendly cementitious materials to relieve the carbon emission burden. Therefore, combining RM and other solid wastes to manufacture green cementitious materials has become a promising route to alleviate the burden of environmental pollutions. However, challenges from the fluctuation of the chemical compositions, inert activity, heavy metals stabilization, efflorescence, the side effects of the second pollutions from solid wastes, the hydration process, and mutual interaction mechanisms between the various types of solid wastes are still unclear, especially for multi-components RM-based cementitious materials. This review article summarizes the state of the art of mechanical properties, microstructure characterization methodologies, and hydration process and mechanisms of RM along with other solid wastes. The main challenges and future research trends are discussed. This article attempts to summarize the details of the RM recycling technologies that are beneficial to readers in understanding the background knowledge and research methodologies of eco-friendly cementitious materials.

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Mechanical Properties of Geopolymers Synthesized from Fly Ash and Red Mud under Ambient Conditions

Cited by 13 publications

References 42 publications

Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer Cement/Concrete

Utilization of Industrial By-Products/Waste to Manufacture Geopolymer Cement/Concrete

Regional Waste Streams as Potential Raw Materials for Immediate Implementation in Cement Production

Synergistically Using Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) and Other Solid Wastes to Manufacture Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials

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