“…This type of material is widely applied in railway components or other vehicles; such as for axles, connecting rods, bolts, pins, rolls, spindles, ratchets, crankshafts, torsion bars, sockets, worms, light gears, and guide rods. The chemical composition of the AISI 1045 steel was 97.2 Fe, 0.46 C, 0.24 Si, 0.45 Mn, 0.015 Cr, 0.008 P, 0.003 S, 0.01 Co, and 0.01 Ni [23]. The dimension of the workpiece used in the experimental test is shown in Figure 3.…”