Mechanical properties of adhesives for bonding wood—A review

Stoeckel, Frank; Konnerth, Johannes; Gindl‐Altmutter, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.03.013

Cited by 204 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Nanoindentation studies revealed how the replacement of phenol by non-modified or ammoxidized kraft lignin impact the mechanical properties of the different cured adhesive polymers. It has been found that both reduced elastic modulus and hardness of all tested resins (PK-, APK-and FAPK-LPF, Figure 7) were generally in the same range as reported for a wide variety of phenolic resins [38]. The obtained results were evaluated by non-parametric statistical tests using the R software package.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Generally speaking, it may be concluded that the substitution of phenol by lignin has a marginal positive effect on the mechanical properties of the LPF polymer. Statistical analysis also revealed a significantly higher hardness, which may be related to yield strength of the adhesive [38] for the adhesive bonds obtained from FAPK-LPF compared to APK-LPF which could be explained by the significantly lower average molecular weight of FAPK and the stiffer Nanoindentation studies revealed how the replacement of phenol by non-modified or ammoxidized kraft lignin impact the mechanical properties of the different cured adhesive polymers. It has been found that both reduced elastic modulus and hardness of all tested resins (PK-, APK-and FAPK-LPF, Figure 7) were generally in the same range as reported for a wide variety of phenolic resins [38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…For each bond formed within a certain hot pressing time, eight specimens were tested. The mechanical characterization of cured adhesive polymer present in wood-adhesive bonds was evaluated by means of nanoindentation [36][37][38]. The specimens were prepared from two beech veneers as they were used for the ABES test employing a hot pressing time of 12 min.…”

Section: Resin Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins

et al. 2017

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Ammoxidation of pine kraft lignin in aqueous 5 wt % ammonia affords a novel type of phenol substitute that significantly accelerates resole synthesis and curing as demonstrated for 40 wt % phenol replacement. Compared to non-ammoxidized lignin, which already shortens significantly the cooking time required to reach a resole viscosity of 1000 Pa·s (250 vs. 150 s) and reduces the typical curing B-time by about 25% at 100 • C, the use of ammoxidized lignin has an even more pronounced impact in this respect. Activation of lignin by Fenton-type oxidation prior to ammoxidation further boosts both synthesis and curing of the resole. This is presumably due to the intermediary formation of polyvalent cross-linkers like N,N,N-tris (methylol) trimethylene triamine triggered by saponification of a larger fraction of nitrogenous moieties present in such a treated lignin (ammonium salts, amide-type nitrogen, urea) and reaction of the released ammonia with formaldehyde. Except for the fact that phenol replacement by ammoxidized lignin results in a somewhat less brittle cured adhesive polymer and higher elastic modulus, the aforementioned acceleration in curing could no longer be observed in the presence of wood, where a significantly delayed wood-adhesive bond formation was observed for the lignin-containing adhesives as evident from the automated bonding evaluation system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resin Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins

et al. 2017

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“…Mechanical properties of the wood are affected by the adhesive formulation, ambient conditions, sample preparation, and the use of various testing methods (Stoeckel et al 2013). Moreover, the bonding strength depends not only on adhesive type but also on the FRP type (Raftery et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Modulus of Elasticity of Wooden Construction Elements Reinforced with Fiberglass Wire Mesh and Aluminum Wire Mesh

et al. 2017

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Laminated composite wooden construction elements were produced with 7 layers of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Fiberglass wire mesh and aluminum wire mesh, which were used as reinforcement materials, were pressed with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyurethane-type adhesives between each Scots pine layer. The highest bonding strength values were obtained from laminated control specimens produced with polyurethane adhesive without using support materials (4.98 N/mm 2 ) and laminated control specimens made with polyurethane adhesive without using support materials (4.39 N/mm 2 ), respectively. The modulus of elasticity in bending perpendicular to the glue line values of all the specimens except the laminated control specimens produced with polyurethane adhesive without using support materials (14800 N/mm 2 ) were lower than solid wood (6720 N/mm 2 ). In contrast, in the experiments for the modulus of elasticity parallel to the glue line, the variables (adhesive, intermediary layer materials) used for all experiments and specimens were effective factors. Although the modulus of elasticity in bending parallel to the glue line values of all samples were higher than solid wood (6720 N/mm 2 ), the maximum value was obtained in the laminated control specimens produced with polyurethane adhesive without using support materials (17800 N/mm 2 ).

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“…Voulgaridis et al (2012) and Iwakiri et al (2013) researched strength of joints bonded using various adhesives. Stoeckel et al (2013) published the summary of factors influencing the final bonded joint strength. D'Amico et al (2012) studied the influence of adhesive ageing on bonded joints strength.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bonding of wood

Brožek¹

2015

Res. Agric. Eng.

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Brožek M. (2015): Bonding of wood. Res. Agr. Eng., 61: 134-139.The paper presents the results of strength tests of joints made using six different adhesives destined by their producers for bonding wood. Bonded samples were made from seven sorts of wood commonly growing in the Czech Republic, namely ash, beach, cherry, maple, pine, spruce and walnut. From semi-products (boards, planks, squared timber logs) the test samples of dimensions 25 × 100 mm and 4 mm thickness were cut out in the direction of year rings. Always two samples were bonded together so that their overlap was of 12.5 mm. All these assemblies were loaded using the universal testing machine up to their rupture. The rupture force and the rupture type (rupture in the joint, in the bonded material) were registered. The aim of the tests was to assess the influence of the used adhesive on the bonded joint strength at different woods, to assess the variability of the adhesive consumption at the manual adhesive application by different workers and to determine costs for bonding of different woods using different adhesives. From the results it follows that between six tested adhesives used for bonding of seven sorts of wood, considerable differences exist not only as regards their price, but also their quality. From the results it also follows that the manual adhesive application is very unequal, because it depends on the dexterity and care of the worker. Next, the costs for bonding of different woods using different adhesives were determined.

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Mechanical properties of adhesives for bonding wood—A review

Cited by 204 publications

References 77 publications

Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins

Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins

Determination of the Modulus of Elasticity of Wooden Construction Elements Reinforced with Fiberglass Wire Mesh and Aluminum Wire Mesh

Bonding of wood

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