Mechanical Properties, Cytotoxicity, and Fluoride Ion Release Capacity of Bioactive Glass-Modified Methacrylate Resin Used in Three-Dimensional Printing Technology

Abstract

Background: Clinically, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming a popular and efficient dental processing technology. Recently, there has been an increasing demand for dental materials that exhibit bioactive properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, and fluoride ion release capacity of 3D-printed dental resins modified with bioactive glass. Materials and methods: The resin FotoDent splint used in the production of removable orthodontic splints, was modified by the addition of two types of bioactive glasses that are capable of releasing fluoride ions. The novel materials used for the production of dental splints were examined for their mechanical, physical, and biological properties (fracture resistance, sorption, solubility, elution of nonpolymeric substances, and release of fluoride ions over time) and cytotoxic effects on cell cultures. Results: Initially, the fracture toughness of the 3D-printed resin was found to be 55 MPa, but after modification with glass, the resistance was reduced to about 50 MPa. Sorption and solubility values of the materials (19.01 ÷ 21.23 µg/mm3 and 0.42 ÷ 1.12 µg/mm3, respectively) complied with the safety limits imposed by ISO standard. Modified resins were capable of releasing fluoride ions, and the maximum releasing effect was observed after 14 days of incubation. Both the modified resins, after four days of contact with human gingival fibroblasts, exhibited moderate cytotoxic properties. Conclusions: The experimental results showed that modification of methacrylate resin, used in 3D printing technology, with bioactive glasses produces novel dental materials that possess desirable bioactive properties. The findings of this study indicate the potential ability of modified polymethacrylate resins to release fluoride ions in the oral cavity environment. The modified materials are characterized with a moderate decrease in physical properties and mild cytotoxicity on direct contact with human fibroblasts.

Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of 3D Printing Acrylic Material with Bioactive Components

“…An explanation of this phenomenon is provided in the article by Gad et al During printing, the resin is in contact with the air dissolved in it, particles of which can be obtained between the individual printed layers. This creates voids that can significantly reduce the bending resistance of the material [ 3 , 8 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…This set-up was maintained in a humidified atmosphere at 37 C and 5% CO 2 . Microscopic observations were made after 1 h and 24 h of exposure to the tested articles (Leica DMi 1, CellService, Poznan, Poland) [ 19 ].…”

“…The results obtained from the measurements defined as viability were calculated in comparison to the values of control untreated cells. In the calculations, mean values were used [ 19 ].…”

Acceleration of Wound Healing through Amorphous Calcium Carbonate, Stabilized with High-Energy Polyphosphate

“…Keratinocytes were cultivated for 96 h and the cultures were then subjected to the cell viability MTT assay [ 44 ]. The cells were reacted with MTT and the color of the developed insoluble formazan product was read at 570 nm (Varioskan Flash; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Schwerte, Germany).…”

Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials

“…Raszewski et al [ 148 ] created novel dental materials for 3D printed orthodontic splints enriched with novel bioactive glass fillers of different compositions and assessed their physical properties, cytotoxicity effects, solubility, capacity to release fluoride ions, elution of nanpolymerized components, and their influence on cell cultures. The experiment results showed that modification of methacrylate resin, used in 3D printing technology, with bioactive glasses can produce novel dental materials that possess desirable bioactive properties.…”