Mechanical Properties and X-Ray Diffraction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch All-Nanocellulose Composite Films

Zailuddin, Nur Liyana Izyan; Osman, Azlin Fazlina; Husseinsyah, Salmah; Ariffin, Zailuddin; Badrun, Faridah Hanum

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_50

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Table 3 tabulates the mean values of tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of the ACC films with 1% (wt/vol) of OPEFB nanocellulose contents. The ACC film system with 1% (wt/vol) of OPEFB nanocellulose content was chosen for this comparison due to its greater value of tensile strength when compared to the ones containing higher OPEFB nanocellulose contents (2, 3, and 4% (wt/vol)) [9] . The acetic acid‐treated ACC film possesses the highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity compared to the other ACC films.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The palm oil industry is substantial in Malaysia and leads to vast biomass lignocelluloses wastes and residues. In 2012, production of palm oil in Malaysia reached about 18.8 million tons, and resulted in lignocellulose residues of about 43.24 million tons [8,9] . These unused wastes have the potential to be used as a carbon source for bioconversion, biomass feedstock and recently as a filler for the production of biocomposite films [9–11] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2012, production of palm oil in Malaysia reached about 18.8 million tons, and resulted in lignocellulose residues of about 43.24 million tons [8,9] . These unused wastes have the potential to be used as a carbon source for bioconversion, biomass feedstock and recently as a filler for the production of biocomposite films [9–11] . OPEFB is generally composed of cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses with cellulose dominate in composition [10,12] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology, mechanical properties, and biodegradability of all‐cellulose composite films from oil palm empty fruit bunch

2020

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Palm oil plantations are very important in that they supply vegetable oil globally. However, increased production of palm oil prompts the accumulation of large lignocelluloses residues in the form of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). This study explored the advantages of using OPEFB in the production of all-cellulose composite (ACC) films. The isolation process of the raw OPEFB fiber was carried out using a chemical process to extract OPEFB nanocellulose. ACC films from OPEFB and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared using a dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and lithium chloride solvent system whereby the partially dissolved cellulose was transformed into the matrix phase surrounding the remaining nondissolved fiber. ACC films with 1% (wt/vol) OPEFB and 3% (wt/vol) MCC were prepared and the effects of chemical treatment of the OPEFB cellulose on the mechanical properties, crystalline structure, morphology, moisture absorption and soil biodegradability of the ACC film were investigated. The tensile strength of the ACC film was tremendously improved by chemical treatment. For instance, when acetic acid was used to treat the nanocellulose, the resultant film showed 279% increment in tensile strength value. However, formic acid-treated films demonstrate greater moisture uptake and soil biodegradation rate. The findings could be related to the alterations of hydroxyl group composition in the nanocellulose and variation in dissolution rate of the nanocellulose during chemical treatment. K E Y W O R D S all-cellulose composite, biodegradability, ionic liquid, nanocellulose, oil palm empty fruit bunch 1 | INTRODUCTION Plastic film is the most commonly used material for packaging due to its aesthetic quality, low cost, handleability, flexibility, and lightweight. Plastic films used for domestic and food packaging are typically made from petroleum sources like polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE). Use of these materials has led to severe environmental issues. A way to reduce packaging environmental issues is by introducing natural ingredients into

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphology, mechanical properties, and biodegradability of all‐cellulose composite films from oil palm empty fruit bunch

2020

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“…During the past decade, creating ACC films from OPEFBs has been the subject of only a small number of studies [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Several earlier studies had utilized MCCs and nanoscale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

et al. 2023

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All-cellulose composite (ACC) films from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) were successfully fabricated through the surface selective dissolution of cellulose fibers in 8 wt% LiCl/DMAc via the solution casting method. The effect of dissolution time on the properties of the ACC films was assessed in the range of 5–45 min. The results showed that under the best conditions, there were sufficiently dissolved fiber surfaces that improved the interfacial adhesion while maintaining a sizable fraction of the fiber cores, acting as reinforcements for the material. The ACC films have the highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of up to 35.78 MPa and 2.63 GPa after 15 min of dissolution. Meanwhile, an X-ray diffraction analysis proved that cellulose I and II coexisted, which suggests that the crystallite size and degree of crystallinity of the ACC films had significantly declined. This is due to a change in the cellulose structure, which results in fewer voids and enhanced stress distribution in the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the interfacial adhesion improved between the reinforcing fibers and matrices as the failure behavior of the film composite changed from fiber pullout to fiber breakage and matrix cracking. On the other hand, the thermal stability of the ACC film showed a declining trend as the dissolution time increased. Therefore, the best dissolution time to formulate the ACC film was 15 min, and the obtained ACC film is a promising material to replace synthetic polymers as a green composite.

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“…One tonne of processed fresh fruit bunches (FFB) consists of 5% palm kernel shells (PKS), 12% mesocarp fruit fibres (MFF), 23% empty fruit bunches (EFB), and 60% palm oil mill IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1216/1/012026 2 effluents (POME) waste [1,2]. Moreover, EFB will be discarded after separating the fruits from the bunches [3]. EFB contributes approximately 24 weights (wt.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reusability of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) Waste with Tapioca Starch for Polymer-Based Agriculture Application: A Preliminary Study

Rassman,

Basha,

Mohamed

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The existence of oil palm wastes has caused a significant disposal challenge, and it contains high fibre that is hard to disintegrate. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) contributes approximately 24 weights (wt.) % of solid waste in oil palm industries and has a high cellulose content. This study aims to find the best combination ratio of EFB fine fibre (EFBF) and tapioca starch for polymer production (EFBT) and its characterisation. The oil palm EFB waste was collected from Southern Malay Palm Oil Mill at Simpang Renggam, Johor, and shredded using an industrial fibre grinder. The EFBF and tapioca starch (TS) was combined using water and microwave heating according to the ratio generated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and the end homogenous pellet obtained was then analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) while the raw EFB fine fibre was analysed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS). SEM analysis shows that the increasing homogenous interaction with less void was represented by respective EFBF to TS ratios 1:9, 1:5, 5:9, 5:5, 9:5, 5:1 and 9:1. The highest water contact angle recorded was 88.53° using ratio 1:9 followed by 40.35° using ratio 1:5, and no water contact angle obtained for 9:5, 5:5, 5:1, 5:9 and 9:1 ratios. The fastest rate of disintegration was recorded by 5:1 with 2712.000 g/day, while the slowest rate of disintegration was recorded by 9:1 with 1.206 g/day. The ANOVA analysis for water contact angle was significant as the p-values were <0.05, while for disintegration rate was not significant as the p-value was >0.05. However, although both models are unable to project optimised values for further testing, this study did provide a baseline for range selection for future study using RSM for optimisation of EFBF and TS.

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Mechanical Properties and X-Ray Diffraction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch All-Nanocellulose Composite Films

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Morphology, mechanical properties, and biodegradability of all‐cellulose composite films from oil palm empty fruit bunch

Morphology, mechanical properties, and biodegradability of all‐cellulose composite films from oil palm empty fruit bunch

The Role of Dissolution Time on the Properties of All-Cellulose Composites Obtained from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Reusability of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) Waste with Tapioca Starch for Polymer-Based Agriculture Application: A Preliminary Study

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