Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Thermoplastic Bloodmeal

Verbeek, Casparus Johan R.; Berg, Lisa van den

doi:10.1002/mame.201000374

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The high protein concentration in blood meal helps to avoid the necessity of a costly protein concentrating and isolating efforts, and allowing its direct modification into thermoplastics. Blood meal thermoplastic processing has been extensively studied by researchers at Waikato University in New Zealand and commercialization of this technology is underway (Bier et al, 2012;Verbeek & van den Berg, 2011a;Verbeek & van den Berg, 2011b). Proteinbased films and coatings in general are known to be stiff and brittle due to the extensive intermolecular interactions between protein chains through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, hydrophobic bonding and disulfide cross-linking similar to other plant proteins (Sothornvit & Krochta,0000).…”

Section: Rendered Meal Ruminants Non-ruminants Pets Fertilizermentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Mekonnen

Mussone

Bressler

2015

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

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Over the past decades, strong global demand for industrial chemicals, raw materials and energy has been driven by rapid industrialization and population growth across the world. In this context, long-term environmental sustainability demands the development of sustainable strategies of resource utilization. The agricultural sector is a major source of underutilized or low-value streams that accompany the production of food and other biomass commodities. Animal agriculture in particular constitutes a substantial portion of the overall agricultural sector, with wastes being generated along the supply chain of slaughtering, handling, catering and rendering. The recent emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) resulted in the elimination of most of the traditional uses of rendered animal meals such as blood meal, meat and bone meal (MBM) as animal feed with significant economic losses for the entire sector. The focus of this review is on the valorization progress achieved on converting protein feedstock into bio-based plastics, flocculants, surfactants and adhesives. The utilization of other rendering streams such as fat and ash rich biomass for the production of renewable fuels, solvents, drop-in chemicals, minerals and fertilizers is also critically reviewed.

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Section: Rendered Meal Ruminants Non-ruminants Pets Fertilizermentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Mekonnen

Mussone

Bressler

2015

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

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“…Therefore, while a comparison with other bio-based polymers provides a valuable benchmark, it is also important to consider the petroleumbased polymers NTP could replace. The material properties of NTP are similar to LDPE, and these are therefore functionally equivalent in some applications (Verbeek and van den Berg 2011).…”

Section: Comparison With Producing Petroleum-based Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laboratory-produced NTP has comparable mechanical properties to linear low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and, hence, can be considered functionally equivalent to PE in many applications (Verbeek and van den Berg 2011).…”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ecoprofile of thermoplastic protein derived from blood meal Part 2: thermoplastic processing

Bier

Verbeek

Lay

2011

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose The purpose of this research was to develop a nonrenewable energy and greenhouse gas emissions ecoprofile of thermoplastic protein derived from blood meal (Novatein thermoplastic protein; NTP). This was intended for comparison with other bioplastics as well as identification of hot spots in its cradle-to-gate production. In Part 1 of this study, the effect of allocation on the blood meal used as a raw material was discussed. The objective of Part 2 was to assess the ecoprofile of the thermoplastic conversion process and to compare the cradle-to-gate portion of the polymer's life cycle to other bioplastics. Methods Inventory was collected to aggregate nonrenewable primary energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Data were collected from a variety of sources including published papers, reports to government agencies, engineering models and information from a single blood meal production facility. Several assumptions regarding the thermoplastic conversion process were evaluated by way of a sensitivity analysis. Results The allocation procedure chosen for the impacts of farming and meat processing had the greatest effect on results. Excluding farming and meat processing, blood drying had the greatest contribution to nonrenewable energy use and GHGs, followed by the petrochemical plasticizer used. Other assumptions, such as scarcity of water or inclusion of pigments, although significant when considered for blood meal conversion to NTP alone, were found not to be significant when production of blood meal was included in the analysis. Qualitative differences were observed between NTP and other bioplastics. For example, the profiles of some other bio-based polymers were dominated by fermentation and polymer recovery processes. In the case of NTP, it is the production of the raw material used that is most significant, and thermoplastic modification has a relatively low contribution to GHGs and nonrenewable energy use. Conclusions For a truly attributional scenario, production of any ruminant animal products does have an associated GHG. Deriving this for blood meal on a mass-based allocation seems to indicate that NTP is less favorable than other cradle-to-gate bioplastic production systems from a global warming perspective.On the other hand, the motivation for developing the material in the first place was to make use of an existing waste product. If it is assumed that the magnitude of blood meal production is independent of fertilizer or plastics demand and, instead, reflects demand for major products such as meat, further development of NTP is justified.

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“…Laboratory-produced NTP has comparable mechanical properties to linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and hence can be considered functionally equivalent to LLDPE in several applications (Verbeek and van den Berg 2011).…”

Section: Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An eco-profile of thermoplastic protein derived from blood meal Part 1: allocation issues

Bier

Verbeek

Lay

2011

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose A renewable thermoplastic called Novatein Thermoplastic Protein (NTP) has been developed from blood meal-a low-value by-product of the meat processing industry. The aim of this research was to develop a nonrenewable energy and greenhouse gas emission eco-profile for cradle to gate production of NTP. Environmental impacts of supplying blood meal as a raw material were investigated using different allocation methods for farming and blood meal production. These included mass, economic, treating low-value by-products as waste and system expansion by substitution. In part 2, the entire system will be analysed on a cradle to gate basis and include the production of thermoplastic (NTP). Methods A theoretical NTP production facility was analysed for non-renewable primary energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Data for feedstocks and process steps were obtained from published papers, government agency reports and engineering models. Mass and economic allocation models treating low-value by-products as waste and substitution were applied, and a sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the impact of different methods of allocation on environmental impact. Results and discussion Non-renewable energy use in blood meal production varied between 5 (substitution) and 38 MJ (simple mass allocation) per kg of NTP. Greenhouse gas emissions varied between 0.4 (substitution), or even less if the biogenic carbon content is considered a credit, and 14 kg (mass allocation) CO 2 e per kg NTP.Conclusions It was concluded that both mass allocation and a waste assumption should be considered for the cradle to gate system. Mass allocation is common in other attributional studies and allows for a more transparent comparison. The most appropriate treatment of allocation in an attributional profile was to consider blood as a waste with regard to farming and meat processing, but include blood drying. This takes into account the motivations for farming and meat processing, but also recognises that there are other treatment options for blood that do not produce blood meal used in manufacturing NTP. This would allow NTP to be compared to other bioplastics as well as identifying hot spots in its cradle to gate production. It was also anticipated that results may be adapted in future cradle to grave assessments as product systems are developed.

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Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Thermoplastic Bloodmeal

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

An ecoprofile of thermoplastic protein derived from blood meal Part 2: thermoplastic processing

An eco-profile of thermoplastic protein derived from blood meal Part 1: allocation issues

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