Mechanical properties and fracture characterization of additive manufacturing polyamide 12 after accelerated weathering

Puttonen, Tuomas; Salmi, Mika; Partanen, Jouni

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107376

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…For better weathering properties, lower value of LT is beneficial as it reduces voids and gaps between layers. [ 9–11,14,15 ] This avoids UV rays, water or moisture to entrap in it, which restricts the oxidation reaction. (d) PS is insignificant parameter in both the cases due to much less contribution as compared to other parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several researchers are focused on identifying the suitable polymer material that can be sustained under the various outdoor environmental conditions (UV exposure, moisture, heat and mechanical loading). [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Various AM techniques are integrated into the diverse industries to manufacture the polymeric products rapidly. In particular, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used technique among all the others AM techniques, due to its versatility and affordability features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of fused filament fabrication process parameters for mechanical responses of weather‐resistant polymer (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate)

Gawali

Jain

2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Additively manufactured polymeric products for automotive, aerospace, and biomedical applications are usually intended for service in an outdoor environment with high mechanical loading conditions. The strength and sustainability of the products can be significantly degraded due to the outdoor environmental conditions such as UV light, moisture, heat, and so forth. In this research work, a novel weather‐resistant polymer (WRP) material, that is, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), has been studied. Furthermore, this work aims to study the effect of process parameters and enhance the strength of WRP (ASA) specimens using the FFF process. The optimized process parameters, that is, build orientation (BO), extrusion temperature (ET), layer thickness (LT), and printing speed (PS), were identified based on the tensile and flexural strength using the Taguchi technique and statistical analysis. The best tensile and flexural strengths for the specimen were achieved at both orientations (XYZ and ZXY) TS: 255°C ET, 0.14 mm LT, 50 mm/s PS; and FS: 245°C ET, 0.28 mm LT, 50 mm/s PS, respectively. Regression model was developed to investigate the correlation between the process parameters with tensile and flexural strength. A validation test confirmed the findings, and the error between the actual and predicted values is less than ±10%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of fused filament fabrication process parameters for mechanical responses of weather‐resistant polymer (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate)

Gawali

Jain

2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…PLA has a relatively high melting point (T m in the range of ~150–160 °C), which makes it a promising candidate material for engineering applications, apart from the well-known and various biomedical applications. Polyamide 12 (PA12) is an “engineering” thermoplastic as well, with high potential for 3DP applications, especially in the FFF process, belonging to the huge family of polyamides known for their unique toughness, strength, impact, and resistance to fracture upon being exposed to a great level of deformation [ 42 ]. In general, PA12 has been extensively used in SLS 3DP processes already back in 2010 [ 43 ] and is not so commonly used in FFF apart from recent studies [ 17 , 42 , 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polyamide 12 (PA12) is an “engineering” thermoplastic as well, with high potential for 3DP applications, especially in the FFF process, belonging to the huge family of polyamides known for their unique toughness, strength, impact, and resistance to fracture upon being exposed to a great level of deformation [ 42 ]. In general, PA12 has been extensively used in SLS 3DP processes already back in 2010 [ 43 ] and is not so commonly used in FFF apart from recent studies [ 17 , 42 , 44 ]. On the other hand, its market price together with the combined physicochemical properties and the ease of processing in 3DP could make it an ideal material for rapid prototyping purposes up to advanced applications, e.g., structural parts with unique toughness properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al2O3) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties

et al. 2022

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The effect of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) as a reinforcing agent of Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic acid (PLA) in fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional printing (3DP) is reported herein for the first time. Alumina NPs are incorporated via a melt–mixing compounding process, at four different filler loadings. Neat as well as nanocomposite 3DP filaments are prepared as feedstock for the 3DP manufacturing of specimens which are thoroughly investigated for their mechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) proved the nature of the materials. Their morphological characteristics were thoroughly investigated with scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Al2O3 NPs exhibited a positive reinforcement mechanism at all filler loadings, while the mechanical percolation threshold with the maximum increase of performance was found between 1.0–2.0 wt.% filler loading (1.0 wt.% for PA12, 41.1%, and 56.4% increase in strength and modulus, respectively; 2.0 wt.% for PLA, 40.2%, and 27.1% increase in strength and modulus, respectively). The combination of 3DP and polymer engineering using nanocomposite PA12 and PLA filaments with low-cost filler additives, e.g., Al2O3 NPs, could open new avenues towards a series of potential applications using thermoplastic engineering polymers in FFF 3DP manufacturing.

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Modeling of hyperelasticity in polyamide 12 produced by selective laser sintering

Kadkhodaei

Pawlikowski

Drobnicki

et al. 2023

Continuum Mech. Thermodyn.

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Polyamide 12 (PA12) is a core material in many 3D-printing techniques, including selective laser sintering (SLS), and its mechanical characterization helps to better understand behaviors of additively manufactured parts made from this polymer. In this paper, the elastic response of SLS-produced PA12 is shown to be nonlinear. Standard test samples with different orientations with regard to the scanning direction are 3D-printed with the use of PA2200 powder, and their elastic response is investigated under uniaxial tension at different strain rates. Mooney–Rivlin hyperelastic models are proposed to address the observed nonlinear elasticity of the samples. Cyclic response of the specimens is shown to be stabilized after a few transient cycles so the material parameters are determined for trained samples after shakedown in their response. The obtained parameters are found to depend on the loading speed; thus, a rate-dependent hyperelastic constitutive model is presented for PA12 produced by selective laser sintering. This model is validated by comparing its numerical prediction with empirical responses under simple tension tests.

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Mechanical properties and fracture characterization of additive manufacturing polyamide 12 after accelerated weathering

Cited by 21 publications

References 52 publications

Optimization of fused filament fabrication process parameters for mechanical responses of weather‐resistant polymer (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate)

Optimization of fused filament fabrication process parameters for mechanical responses of weather‐resistant polymer (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate)

Three-Dimensional Printed Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Alumina (Al2O3) Nanocomposites with Significantly Enhanced Tensile, Flexural, and Impact Properties

Modeling of hyperelasticity in polyamide 12 produced by selective laser sintering

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