Mechanical Performance of Concrete Exposed to Sewage—The Influence of Time and pH

Czajkowska, Justyna; Malarski, M.; Witkowska-Dobrev, Joanna; Dohojda, Marek; Nowak, Piotr

doi:10.3390/min11050544

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The mean value of compressive strength of samples seasoned in neutral and alkaline environment (in the wastewater of the post‐grit chamber and the wastewater of the activated sludge chamber) after 270 days decreased by 7.6 and 9.5% (post‐grit chamber) and 3 and 10% (activated sludge chamber), respectively. Similar results of decrease in compressive strength with decrease in pH were obtained in works 24,36,37 …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Samples from the activated sludge chamber were characterized by an average density and weight loss of 0.64 and 0.63% in the acid medium, 0.13 and 0.17% in the neutral medium, and 0.60 and 0.64% in the alkaline medium, respectively. The recorded differences in the mass of the samples before and after seasoning in wastewater are comparable with the study 36 and small in relation to the study, 40 where Portland cement samples were also in acidic environment with organic acids.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Similar results of decrease in compressive strength with decrease in pH were obtained in works. 24,36,37 If the compressive strength of concrete specimens immersed in an acidic environment shows a slight decrease in mass with a concomitant decrease in density (Figures 4-6), this may be due to the crystallization of hardly soluble salts in the process of sulfate corrosion, which is also confirmed by the results of studies published in the work of Zivica and Bajza. 38,39 Highly expansive crystals of hydrated calcium sulphoaluminate (ettringite) may be formed in the process of sulfate corrosion, in which chemical reactions take place between the active components of concrete and sulfate ions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

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Effect of sewage on compressive strength and geometric texture of the surface of concrete elements

Witkowska-Dobrev

Szlachetka

Malarski

et al. 2022

Structural Concrete

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This paper presents the results of a study on the compressive strength, weight loss, surface roughness, elemental analysis and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurement after 270 days of seasoning concrete cubes measuring 100 Â 100 Â 100 mm in solutions of sewage from the post-grit chamber as well as sewage from the activated sludge chamber in three different environments, that is, acidic, neutral, and alkaline. The value of the compressive strength of the samples stored in the tested environments varied depending on the type of the tested wastewater and its pH in relation to the control sample. The most influence on compressive strength was acidic environment-the decrease was approximately 12.7% in the post-grit chamber and 9.5% in the activated sludge chamber. Samples which had been seasoned in the post-grid chamber were characterized by UPVs ranging from 4805.3 to 4864.6 m/s. Samples seasoned in an activated sludge chamber achieved UPVs ranging from 4689.7 to 4778.9 m/s. The average relative error between the compressive strength values calculated from the ultrasonic method according formula (3) and the measured values does not exceed 4%. The conclusions from the 3D measurements of roughnesses show that parameters Ra, Rz, Sa, and Sq are the most reliable in assessing the roughness intensity of corrosion damage of concrete caused by sewage. Elemental analysis proved that in the acidic pH solution of sewage from the post-grit chamber, the presence of calcium was not identified at any of the points tested.biological corrosion, concrete elements, environmental protection, roughness analysis, wastewater | INTRODUCTIONMunicipal sewage has a destructive impact on the concrete surface. Determining the aggressiveness of wastewater has an impact on the appropriate design of concrete structures in the water and wastewater management.Discussion on this paper must be submitted within two months of the print publication. The discussion will then be published in print, along with the authors' closure, if any, approximately nine months after the print publication.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 59%

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Effect of sewage on compressive strength and geometric texture of the surface of concrete elements

Witkowska-Dobrev

Szlachetka

Malarski

et al. 2022

Structural Concrete

Self Cite

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“…Some newly proliferated activated sludge returns to the anoxic section to ensure that the number of microorganisms in the anoxic section is in dynamic balance. The residual sludge is discharged from the system for subsequent treatment, and the effluent can be reused or discharged up to standard [24].…”

Section: 32composition Of Photovoltaic Photocatalytic Water Purificat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Scale Wastewater Treatment Method for Rainwater Garden Based on Photovoltaic Photocatalysis Technology

He,

Ng,

Noh

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Conventional small-scale sewage treatment mostly adopts the principle of biological contact oxidation process, which has limited scope of application, low degradation rate of pollutants in sewage, and poor sewage treatment effect. Based on this, a new small-scale sewage treatment method was proposed by introducing photovoltaic photocatalysis technology and taking S sponge community in Ningnan County, Liangshan Prefecture as an example. First, hydrothermal method is used to prepare photocatalyst to provide basic guarantee for sewage treatment. Secondly, the rainwater garden model is simulated and designed to obtain the composition and content of small-scale sewage. On this basis, a rainwater garden photovoltaic photocatalytic water purification system is designed, which establishes an A/O integrated process by connecting the anoxic zone (A section) and aerobic zone (O section) in series to fully achieve the goal of sewage treatment. Experimental analysis shows that the new method can significantly improve the degradation rate of organic pollutants in rainwater garden wastewater, with a degradation rate of over 99% and a maximum degradation time of 10.97 seconds, indicating that the application effect of this method is good.

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“…As concrete is a versatile material used in different types of structures in different fields such as ambient air, marine, sewage treatment plants exposed to both acidic (H 2 SO 4 ) and alkaline (NaOH), chemical industries and paper pulp industries with acids like HCl and MgSO 4 , so it is important to study the performance of AASC in different exposure conditions (Ting et al , 2021; Czajkowska et al , 2021; Brandt et al , 2017; Cheremisinoff and Rosenfeld, 2010). The main objective of the study is to develop slag-based alkali-activated concrete and to study its performance in different exposure conditions such as ambient, acid, alkaline, sulfate, chloride and seawater up to an age of 365 days and also to study the microstructural analysis of AASC so that to identify the practical implications of AASC in different exposure conditions.…”

Section: Objective and Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

Durability and microstructure study of alkali-activated slag concrete with quartz sand subjected to different exposure conditions

Karri

Raju

Veerni

2021

JEDT

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Purpose One of the sources for the increase in the carbon footprint on the earth is the manufacturing of cement, which causes a severer environmental impact. Abundant research is going on to diminish CO2 content in the atmosphere by appropriate utilization of waste by-products of industries. Alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC) is an innovative green new concrete made by complete replacement of cement various supplementary cementitious raw materials. Concrete is a versatile material used in different fields of structures, so it is very important to study the durability in different exposures along with the strength. The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of AASC by incorporating quartz sand as fine aggregate under different exposure conditions. Design/methodology/approach The materials for this innovative AASC are selected based on preliminary studies and literature surveys. Based on numerous trials a better performance mix proportion of AASC with quartz sand is developed with 1:2:4 mix proportion, 0.8 alkali Binder ratio, 19 M of NaOH and 50% concentration of Na2SiO3. Subsequently, AASC cubes are prepared and exposed for 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90, 112, 180, 252 and 365 days in ambient, acid, alkaline, sulfate, chloride and seawater and tested for compressive strength. In addition, to study the microstructural characteristics, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis was also performed. Findings Long-term performance of AASC developed with quartz sand is very good in the ambient, alkaline environment of 5% NaOH and seawater with the highest compressive strength values of 51.8, 50.83 and 64.46, respectively. A decrease in compressive strengths was observed after the age of 14, 56 and 112 days for acid, chloride and sulfate exposure conditions, respectively. SEM image shows a denser microstructure of AASC matrix for ambient, alkaline of 5% NaOH and seawater. Research limitations/implications The proposed AASC is prepared with a mix proportion of 1:2:4, so the other proportions of AASC need to verify. In general plain, AASC is not used in practice except in few applications, in this work the effect of reinforced AASC is not checked. The real environmental exposure in fields may not create for AASC, as it was tested in different exposure conditions in the laboratory. Practical implications The developed AASC is recommended in practical applications where early strength is required, where the climate is hot, where water is scarce for curing, offshore and onshore constructions exposed to the marine environment and alkaline environment industries like breweries, distilleries and sewage treatment plants. As AASC is recommended for ambient air and in other exposures, its implementation as a construction material will reduce the carbon footprint. Originality/value The developed AASC mix proportion 1:2:4 is an economical mix, because of low binder content, but it exhibits a higher early age compressive strength value of 45.6 MPa at the age of 3 days. The compressive strength increases linearly with age from 3 to 365 days when exposed to seawater and ambient air. The performance of AASC is very good in the ambient, alkaline environment and seawater compared to other exposure conditions.

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Mechanical Performance of Concrete Exposed to Sewage—The Influence of Time and pH

Cited by 6 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of sewage on compressive strength and geometric texture of the surface of concrete elements

Effect of sewage on compressive strength and geometric texture of the surface of concrete elements

Small Scale Wastewater Treatment Method for Rainwater Garden Based on Photovoltaic Photocatalysis Technology

Durability and microstructure study of alkali-activated slag concrete with quartz sand subjected to different exposure conditions

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