Mechanical Loading Influences Bone Mass Through Estrogen Receptor ??

Lee, Karla C. L.; Lanyon, Lance E.

doi:10.1097/00003677-200404000-00005

Cited by 91 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The findings of the current study that seasonal BMD increases differ by subgroup are in agreement with previous research by Lee and Lanyon (2004) that concluded that physical activity may not enhance bone growth in amenorrheic athletes. The researchers found that the potential to stimulate bone growth through mechanical loading during the pubertal period is associated with marked increases in serum estrogen.…”

Section: Bone Mineral Densitysupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Although the potential to stimulate bone growth through mechanical loading during the pubertal period is associated with marked increases in serum estrogen (Lee and Lanyon, 2004); mechanical loading does not enhance bone growth in amenorrheic athletes, such as gymnasts, ballet dancers, and long distance runners. Also, these athletes possess a BMD lower than age-matched eumenorrheic athletes from the same respective sports (Warren, Brooks-Gunn, Hamilton, Warren, & Hamilton, 1986).…”

Section: Amenorrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Comparison of Body Composition between Eumenorrheic and Amenorrheic Adolescent Cross-Country Runners

Bonis¹

2007

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Section: Bone Mineral Densitysupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Amenorrheamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Body Composition between Eumenorrheic and Amenorrheic Adolescent Cross-Country Runners

Bonis¹

2007

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…(38,39) It is argued that the increase in alpha estrogen receptors during puberty alters the stress-strain set point on the inner bone surface, increasing the sensitivity of bone to mechanical stimulation. (40,41) Thus, when estrogen levels are increased, a similar mechanical stimulus results in greater bone adaptation compared with when estrogen levels are low. It is postulated that earlier-maturing individuals experience this rise in estrogen at a younger age compared with those who mature later and thus have a prolonged period of increased sensitivity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher premenarcheal bone mass in elite gymnasts is maintained into young adulthood after long-term retirement from sport: A 14-year follow-up

Erlandson

Kontulainen

Chilibeck

et al. 2011

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Sports that impact-load the skeleton during childhood and adolescence increase determinants of bone strength such as bone mineral content and density; however, it is unclear if this benefit is maintained after retirement from the sport. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the previously reported higher bone mass in a group of premenarcheal gymnasts was still apparent 10 years after the cessation of participation and withdrawal of the gymnastics loading stimulus. In 1995, 30 gymnasts 8 to 15 years of age were measured and compared with 30 age-matched nongymnasts. Twenty-five former gymnasts and 22 nongymnasts were measured again 14 years later (2009 to 2010). Gymnasts had been retired from gymnastics training and competition for an average of 10 years. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed at both measurement occasions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare former gymnasts' and nongymnasts' BMC while controlling for differences in body size and maturation (covariates: age, height, weight, and years from menarche [1995] or age at menarche [2009 to 2010]). Premenarcheal gymnasts (measured in 1995) had significantly greater size-adjusted TB, LS, and FN BMC ( p < 0.05) (15%, 17%, and 12%, respectively) than nongymnasts. Ten years after retirement, gymnasts had maintained similar size-adjusted TB, LS, and FN BMC differences ( p < 0.05) (13%, 19%, and 13%, respectively) when compared with nongymnasts. Bone mass benefits in premenarcheal gymnasts were still apparent even after long-term (10 years) removal of the gymnastics loading stimulus. ß

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“…Reviews of these exercise trials indicate that, in women, the combination of high-impact loading exercises and moderate to high intensity resistance training is the most beneficial to prevent age-related bone loss [13-15, 17, 18]. However, older women not only have different rates of bone loss compared to older men, but during menopause the skeleton's response to loading is dampened [19] due to the reduced sensitivity of bone cells [20]. Consequently, the response of bone to exercise is dissimilar between middle-aged men and women during the first few years following the onset of menopause [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle-aged and older men: A systematic review

2013

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Although trials have shown that exercise has positive effects on bone mineral density (BMD), the majority of exercise trials have been conducted in older women. The aim of this study was to systematically review trials examining the effect of weight-bearing and resistancebased exercise modalities on the BMD of hip and lumbar spine of middle-aged and older men. Eight electronic databases were searched in August 2012. Randomised controlled or controlled trials that assessed the effect of weight-bearing and resistance-based exercise interventions on BMD measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and reported effects in middle-aged and older men were included. Eight trials detailed in 9 papers were included. The interventions included walking (n=2), resistance training (n=3), walking + resistance training (n=1), resistance training + impact-loading activities (n=1), resistance training + Tai Chi (n=1). Five of the 8 trials achieved a score of less than 50% on the modified Delphi quality rating scale. Further, there was heterogeneity in the type, intensity, frequency and duration of the exercise regimens. Effects of exercise varied greatly among studies, with 6 interventions having a positive effect on BMD and 2 interventions having no significant effect. It appears that resistance training alone or in combination with impactloading activities are most osteogenic for this population, whereas the walking trials had limited effect on BMD. Therefore, regular resistance training and impact-loading activities should be considered as a strategy to prevent osteoporosis in middle-aged and older men.High quality randomised controlled trials are needed to establish the optimal exercise prescription.

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Mechanical Loading Influences Bone Mass Through Estrogen Receptor ??

Cited by 91 publications

References 15 publications

A Comparison of Body Composition between Eumenorrheic and Amenorrheic Adolescent Cross-Country Runners

A Comparison of Body Composition between Eumenorrheic and Amenorrheic Adolescent Cross-Country Runners

Higher premenarcheal bone mass in elite gymnasts is maintained into young adulthood after long-term retirement from sport: A 14-year follow-up

The effect of physical exercise on bone density in middle-aged and older men: A systematic review

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