Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 88: Great Pyramid Project Management

Hassaan, Galal Ali

doi:10.29126/23951303/ijet-v6i3p3

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The ancient Egyptian artists knew and used the casting molds to make several masks' models. They made these masks by making a direct mold of plaster or mud on a person's face; they poured the mud into this mold to make masks and give natural features that matched the owner of the mask [45]. Models of plaster casting masks were found in Amarna in the workshops of some artists who might make these molds during the lifetime of their owners to match them directly with their faces [23].…”

Section: Mud Face Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Symbolism of Mud in Ancient Egypt

Khamis

2021

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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Egypt was an agricultural society, soil and fertility were the secrets of the ancient Egyptian's life, so mud was a highly important role in ancient Egypt. Mud was the symbol of origin and fertility, and it was the cause of life. Mud connected with the creation and existence of the human being in ancient Egyptian thought, the ancient Egyptian realized that his earlier creation was from nature, and he considered himself as the son of the earth. The real importance of mud cleared in Egypt since prehistoric times, its world, religious, and funerary role was highlighted by the time, the ancient Egyptian used mud to set up worldly buildings and making pottery. Mud also had a curative property, it used as prescriptions of some injuries or splinting fractures as natural bandages. Its funerary role is shown in the burial customs in several tombs during the pre-dynastic period, Mud was sometimes poured into the tombs after burial as a desire for resurrection in the other world or a form of maintaining the body and the funerary offerings. Furthermore, it was occasionally used in mummification. Mud had very important magic and religious role in ancient Egypt, it was used in making vow offerings and funerary goods such as clay hairballs, clay trays, votive statues, soul houses, and clay face masks. So, it is important to highlight mud and its uses to show its worldly importance, as well as its religious and funerary significance to clear the purpose of using it in ancient Egypt.

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Section: Mud Face Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Symbolism of Mud in Ancient Egypt

Khamis

2021

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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“…This type of cartonnage was made smaller than the real face. The royal masks were made of hammered gold and studded with precious stones and colored glass [9]. The cartonnage masks continued during the New Kingdom "1085-1567 BC", covered the face completely, and extended to the chest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analytical Study of a Late Period Multi-Piece Cartonnage From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Ali

Abdel-Ghani

Seif

2022

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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The poor conditions of storage in the basement of the Egyptian Museum were the reason for severe damage to an unknown multi-piece mummy cartonnage dating back to the Late Period . This mummy consists of five separated pieces (a mask, a pectoral, an apron, a stomach, and a foot) on canvas support topped by a ground layer decorated with green, yellow, red, black, and white colors and a gilded layer. All the pieces of the mummy cartonnage have damage in the form of separations, cracks, discoloration, tears, and brittleness in the layers of the canvas support. The research paper presents the result of an examination and analytical study for the layers' structure of the mummy cartonnage.Therefore, the Optical Microscope (LOM), visible light, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), EDX, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and XRF Spectroscopy were used. The results showed that canvas support made of linen in the form of four layers of thin fiber was used in the mask, stomach, and apron pieces. In contrast, one layer of thick fiber canvas was used in other pieces (mask, foot, and pectoral). The ground layer consisted of calcium carbonate, traces of gypsum, and quartz. The painted layer included Egyptian green, malachite, hematite, goethite, goethite with orpiment, graphite, and under layer of Egyptian blue below the green, red, and yellow pigments in a unique technique, especially in the pectoral and foot pieces. It was also noted that animal glue was used in all pigments and colors as a binding medium.

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Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part 88: Great Pyramid Project Management

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

The Symbolism of Mud in Ancient Egypt

The Symbolism of Mud in Ancient Egypt

An Analytical Study of a Late Period Multi-Piece Cartonnage From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

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