Mechanical characterisation and modelling of randomly oriented strand architecture and their hybrids – A general review

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the mechanical characterisation and modelling of randomly oriented strand material architecture and their hybrids with laminates is presented. Randomly oriented strand composites are long discontinuous fibre systems that exhibit excellent formability characteristics and stiffness properties comparable to quasi-isotropic laminates, allowing their use in the manufacture of intricate geometric parts for automotive and aerospace industries. Randomly oriented strand architecture complements out-of-autoclave methods such as compression moulding, thermostamping and resin-transfer moulding leading to cost-reduction. Their applicability is limited to non-structural and low-load bearing applications due to their low strength properties. Continuous fibre aerospace preforms exhibiting excellent mechanical performance possess low formability characteristics and are confined to simple shell-like geometries with minimal curvatures, while incurring high-costs and long manufacturing times. Hybridisation of randomly oriented strand and with other material architectures represents trade-off solutions of formability and performance characteristics often yielding synergistic effects. Seemingly simple, randomly oriented strand architecture is a complex material system that poses several structural and process challenges. This work categorises the pertinent research work from the literature on the mechanical characterisation into the framework of a formal characterisation environment of composite structures that includes the coupon, the part and structural levels. The manufacturing, dispersion methods and measurement techniques are qualitatively assessed with reference to the mechanical properties. The discussion on modelling involves the identification of crucial characteristics of significant analytical and numerical modelling techniques devised for the prediction of the mechanical behaviour of randomly oriented strand composites and their hybrids. Emphasis is on the methods of stiffness and strength prediction. Our perspectives on the effective use of randomly oriented strand composites and their hybrids are discussed. Process characterisation and process modelling of randomly oriented strand composites and their hybrids are beyond the scope of this article.

Carbon fibre sheet moulding compounds with high in-mould flow: Linking morphology to tensile and compressive properties

“…Those failure mechanisms are secondary, and tensile strength of TBDCs is mainly matrix-dominated [1,2]. Compressive failure is mainly dominated by tow debonding/delamination, combined with tow breakage [1,2,8]. Note that randomoriented TBDCs have a compressive strength similar or higher than the tensile one.…”

“…CF-SMCs are made of chopped carbon fibre tows dispersed in a partially cured thermoset resin; sheets of prepreg material are made in this way, and then compression moulded into the final desired shape. CF-SMCs offer an excellent compromise between the processability and formability of short fibre composites and high mechanical properties of laminated composites [1][2][3]. In these materials the reinforcement tows generally have a high aspect ratio; this allows their discontinuous nature to have limited effects on their stiffness [1,[4][5][6].…”

“…Due to the high material variability, stiffness and strength display significant scatter. Tensile failure is mainly matrix dominated, triggered in tows oriented transverse to the load direction [1,2,8]. Johanson et al [13] suggested that the preferential site for failure initiation are the ends of the tows aligned with the load direction that overlap with transverse strands.…”

“…Johanson et al [13] suggested that the preferential site for failure initiation are the ends of the tows aligned with the load direction that overlap with transverse strands. When tows oriented along the load direction are present in the failure zone, pull-out or fibre failure can be observed depending on the tow length [1,2,8]. Those failure mechanisms are secondary, and tensile strength of TBDCs is mainly matrix-dominated [1,2].…”

“…When tows oriented along the load direction are present in the failure zone, pull-out or fibre failure can be observed depending on the tow length [1,2,8]. Those failure mechanisms are secondary, and tensile strength of TBDCs is mainly matrix-dominated [1,2]. Compressive failure is mainly dominated by tow debonding/delamination, combined with tow breakage [1,2,8].…”