Mechanical behaviour of flexible 3D printed gyroid structures as a tuneable replacement for soft padding foam

Holmes, David W.; Singh, Dilpreet; Lamont, Riki; Daley, Ryan; Forrestal, David P.; Slattery, Peter; Pickering, Edmund; Paxton, Naomi; Powell, Sean K.; Woodruff, Maria A.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102555

Cited by 26 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The separator layer has been designed (Fusion 360, Autodesk) as a full structure: the porous structure (air gaps) has been generated into the slicing software (Ultimaker Cura 4.11.0) using gyroid infill (well known in the scientific literature for providing a good response when it is compressed [61]).…”

Section: Capacitive Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

One-shot additive manufacturing of robotic finger with embedded sensing and actuation

Stano

Ovy

Edwards

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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A main challenge in the additive manufacturing (AM) field is the possibility to create structures with embedded actuators and sensors: addressing this requirement would lead to a reduction of manual assembly tasks and product cost, pushing AM technologies into a new dimension for the fabrication of assembly-free smart objects. The main novelty of the present paper is the one shot fabrication of a 3D printed soft finger with an embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator and two different 3D printed sensors (strain gauge and capacitive force sensor). 3D printed structures, fabricated with the proposed approach, can be immediately activated after their removal from the build plate, providing real-time feedback because of the embedded sensing units. Three different materials from two nozzles were extruded to fabricate the passive elements and sensing units of the proposed bioinspired robotic finger and a custom-made Cartesian pick and place robot (CPPR) was employed to integrate the SMA spring actuator into the 3D printed robotic finger during the fabrication processes. Another novelty of the present paper is the direct integration of SMA actuators during the 3D printing process. The low melting thermoplastic polycaprolactone (PCL) was extruded: its printing temperature of 70 °C is lower than the SMA austenitic start temperature, preventing the SMA activation during the manufacturing process. Two different sensors based on the piezoresistive principle and capacitive principle were studied, 3D printed and characterized, showing respectively a sensitivity ratio of change in resistance to finger bending angle to be 674.8 $$\frac{\Omega }{^\circ \mathrm{Angle}}$$ Ω ∘ Angle and a capacitance to force ratio of $$0.53 \frac{\mathrm{pF}}{\mathrm{N}}$$ 0.53 pF N . The proposed manufacturing approach paves the way for significant advancement of AM technologies in the field of smart structures with embedded actuators to provide real-time feedback, offering several advantages, especially in the soft robotics domain.

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Section: Capacitive Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

One-shot additive manufacturing of robotic finger with embedded sensing and actuation

Stano

Ovy

Edwards

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…This variation may be due to the 3D printer used as well as the printing parameters. Additionally, some researchers have provided different stress–strain curves for NinjaFlex ® [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 14 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flexural force increased until 70/80% infill density, then dropped slightly for the higher density values. The effects of infill density were evaluated on 3D printed NinjaFlex ® hollow cells with gyroid units of varying unit sizes while under compressive loads [ 10 ]. The resulting stress–strain curves showed that as the size of cell unit increased, the stress at any given strain decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Bending of 3D Printed Hyperelastic Polymer Components

et al. 2023

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The advancement of 3D printing has led to its widespread use. NinjaFlex®, a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filament, is a highly durable and flexible material that has been used to create flexible parts. While this material has been available for nearly two decades, the mechanical properties of 3D printed NinjaFlex® parts are not well-understood, especially in bending. The focus of this research was predicting the behavior of small 3D printed NinjaFlex® components. Three-dimensionally printed rectangular specimens of varying lengths and aspect ratios were loaded as cantilevers. The deflection of these specimens was measured using a computer. The experimental results were compared to a modified form of the Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theorem (MEB), which was developed to account for nonlinearities associated with large deflection. Additionally, experimental results were compared to the finite element analysis (FEA). The results showed that both modeling approaches were overall accurate, with the average difference between experimental deflection data and MEB predictions ranging from 0.6% to 3.0%, while the FEA predictions ranged from 0.4% to 2.4%. In the case of the most flexible specimens, MEB underestimated the experimental results, while FEA led to higher retraction.

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“…Nature controls material properties via intricate structural organization of matter, often with embedded porosity, and it has long been an engineering pursuit to fabricate cellular materials (foams) with designed structures and tailored properties. − Among them, silicone rubber foams are especially attractive by combining the elasticity, hydrophobicity, biocompatibility, and radiation resistance of silicones with the low density, high surface area, and deformability of foams, which could find a wide range of applications such as oil/water separation, flexible sensors, soft robots, energy dissipation, and tissue engineering. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Silicones with Shape Morphing and Low-Temperature Ultraelasticity

Zhang

Liao

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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3D printed silicones have demonstrated great potential in diverse areas by combining the advantageous physiochemical properties of silicones with the unparalleled design freedom of additive manufacturing. However, their low-temperature performance, which is of particular importance for polar and space applications, has not been addressed. Herein, a 3D printed silicone foam with unprecedented low-temperature elasticity is presented, which is featured with extraordinary fatigue resistance, excellent shape recovery, and energy-absorbing capability down to a low temperature of −60 °C after extreme compression (an intensive load of over 66000 times its own weight). The foam is achieved by direct writing of a phenyl silicone-based pseudoplastic ink embedded with sodium chloride as sacrificial template. During the water immersion process to create pores in the printed filaments, a unique osmotic pressure-driven shape morphing strategy is also reported, which offers an attractive alternative to traditional 4D printed hydrogels in virtue of the favorable mechanical robustness of the silicone material. The underlying mechanisms for shape morphing and low-temperature elasticity are discussed in detail.

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Mechanical behaviour of flexible 3D printed gyroid structures as a tuneable replacement for soft padding foam

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

One-shot additive manufacturing of robotic finger with embedded sensing and actuation

One-shot additive manufacturing of robotic finger with embedded sensing and actuation

Predicting the Bending of 3D Printed Hyperelastic Polymer Components

3D Printed Silicones with Shape Morphing and Low-Temperature Ultraelasticity

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