“…The infilled concrete can prevent the steel tubes from buckling inward, which can increase the critical local buckling strength, leading to the full utilization of the strength of the steel tube and the concrete. A large number of experimental and theoretical investigations into the performance of CFT columns have been carried out for decades (Abdalla et al, 2013; Abed et al, 2013; Bleich, 1952; Chang et al, 2013; Choi et al, 2017; Ding et al, 2015a, 2015b, 2018; Du et al, 2016; Ekmekyapar, 2016; Evirgen et al, 2014; Ge and Usami, 1992, 1994; Khan et al, 2017; Kwan et al, 2016; Kwon and Jeong, 2014; Liew et al, 2016; Montuori and Piluso, 2015; Ouyang et al, 2017; Timoshenko and Gere, 1961; Yang et al, 2015; Zhao et al, 2018). According to these studies, the confinement effects of square or rectangular concrete-filled sections are much less than those of circular CFT columns.…”