Mechanical Behavior of Cells within a Cell-Based Model of Wheat Leaf Growth

Abstract

Understanding the principles and mechanisms of cell growth coordination in plant tissue remains an outstanding challenge for modern developmental biology. Cell-based modeling is a widely used technique for studying the geometric and topological features of plant tissue morphology during growth. We developed a quasi-one-dimensional model of unidirectional growth of a tissue layer in a linear leaf blade that takes cell autonomous growth mode into account. The model allows for fitting of the visible cell length using the experimental cell length distribution along the longitudinal axis of a wheat leaf epidermis. Additionally, it describes changes in turgor and osmotic pressures for each cell in the growing tissue. Our numerical experiments show that the pressures in the cell change over the cell cycle, and in symplastically growing tissue, they vary from cell to cell and strongly depend on the leaf growing zone to which the cells belong. Therefore, we believe that the mechanical signals generated by pressures are important to consider in simulations of tissue growth as possible targets for molecular genetic regulators of individual cell growth.

Turgor‐time controls grass leaf elongation rate and duration under drought stress

“…studied at a fundamental level using the Lockhart (1965) equation, whereby turgor pressure is the driver of cell expansion in the leaves of many species [e.g., wheat (Zubairova et al, 2016), barley (Fricke & Flowers, 1998), maize (Cramer, 1992;Cramer & Bowman, 1991)].…”

“…Leaf kinetics in terms of water availability have been previously studied at a fundamental level using the Lockhart (1965) equation, whereby turgor pressure is the driver of cell expansion in the leaves of many species [e.g., wheat (Zubairova et al, 2016), barley (Fricke & Flowers, 1998), maize (Cramer, 1992; Cramer & Bowman, 1991)]. However, these studies do not incorporate the ontogenetic changes that occur throughout a grass leaf life cycle, whereby three distinct cellular zones are formed (Skinner & Nelson, 1995).…”

LSM-W2: laser scanning microscopy worker for wheat leaf surface morphology

“…The average area of the cell in the tissue does not depend on the zone and remains constant. Data on the distribution of cell sizes along the leaf are useful for verifying cell-oriented growth models for linear leaves [43].

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A Sight on Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Plants Through the Prism of Cell-Based Computational Modeling Approaches: Benefits and Challenges for Data Analysis

“…In order to model growth in a more general case, Lockhart's equations were extended, taking into account the change in turgor pressure as a result of reversible elastic deformation and transpiration processes in the Ortega model (Ortega, 2010). Within the framework of this approach, a linear leaf growth model was proposed (Zubairova et al, 2016). In addition, Newton's First Law and Hooke's Law can be used to describe Virtual cell (Moraru et al, 2008) 2D/3D Kinetics, diffusion, flow, membrane transport, electrophysiology Gajdanowicz et al, 2011;Onal et al, 2020 OpenAlea (Pradal et al, 2008) 2D/3D Functional-structural plant models Muraro et al, 2014 CellModeller (Dupuy et al, 2008) 2D Biphasic systems; viscous yielding of the cell walls Dupuy et al, 2010;Rudge et al, 2012 VirtualLeaf (Merks et al, 2011) 2D Vertex dynamics model van Mourik et al, 2012;De Rybel et al, 2014;De Vos et al, 2014 CompuCell3D (Swat et al, 2012) 2D/3D Cellular Potts model Hester et al, 2011;Swat et al, 2015 CellZilla (Shapiro et al, 2013) 2D Vertex dynamics model Nikolaev et al, 2013;Shapiro et al, 2015 LBIBCell (Tanaka et al, 2015) 3D Lattice Boltzmann method for solving fluid and signaling processes Stopka et al, 2019 cell growth and expansion, as was done in the recent work by Retta et al (2020).…”