Mechanical and microstructural testing of wire and arc additively manufactured sheet material

Kyvelou, Pinelopi; Slack, Harry; Mountanou, Dafni Daskalaki; Wadee, M. Ahmer; Britton, T. Ben; Buchanan, Craig; Gardner, Leroy

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108675

Cited by 137 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This anisotropic behavior is in line with the orientation of micro-grains growing perpendicular to the deposition layers (see Section 3.1), resulting in an orthotropic elastic model of WAAM material [25]. Similar results are also found in [22]. Average values of 0.2% proof stress and ultimate tensile strength do not significantly differ from those of traditionally-manufactured stainless steel.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Haden et al [20] registered non-negligible anisotropy for WAAM stainless steel specimens in terms of ultimate tensile strength and elongation at rupture. Kyvelou et al [22] performed tensile tests on WAAM stainless steel specimens along three directions (longitudinal, transversal and diagonal with respect to the deposition layers), whose results confirmed marked anisotropy with a wide range of Young's modulus values for the different orientations tested. Since 2017, the authors have been studying both microstructural and mechanical characterization of WAAM-produced stainless steel elements for structural engineering applications [23][24][25] as academic partner of the MX3D Bridge project.…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 94%

“…3. Such microstructure affects the mechanical response of specimens oriented at different directions with respect to the printing layers, as demonstrated by the tensile results presented in [22,25].…”

Section: Materials Investigationmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The still limited to few studies [20][21][22]. In the work done by Gordon and coauthors [21], Young's modulus values are reported, indicating values around 130 to 140 GPa, significantly lower than the one registered by the conventional wrought material (about 200 GPa).…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 97%

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Assessment of design mechanical parameters and partial safety factors for Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufactured stainless steel

Laghi

Palermo

Gasparini

et al. 2020

Engineering Structures

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Section: Mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Materials Investigationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 97%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Assessment of design mechanical parameters and partial safety factors for Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufactured stainless steel

Laghi

Palermo

Gasparini

et al. 2020

Engineering Structures

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“…To investigate anisotropy in WAAM material, the coupons were extracted and tested under ten-sion at three different orientations relative to the deposition direction, namely at an angle θ = {0°, 45°, 90°} as defined in Figure 4. [20].…”

Section: Test Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the anisotropic response of wire and arc additively manufactured stainless steel

2021

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In contrast to conventional structural steel and stainless steel, wire and arc additively manufactured (WAAM) material can exhibit a strongly anisotropic response. To investigate the degree of anisotropy in WAAM sheet material, data obtained from tensile tests on machined and as‐built stainless steel coupons are utilised. The WAAM material was tested in three different loading directions relative to the deposition direction and the response was captured using digital image correlation; a summary of the key results is presented. In the elastic range, the observed mechanical response is characterised using an orthotropic plane stress material model, which requires the definition of two Young's moduli, the Poisson's ratio and the shear modulus. Good agreement between the test results and the theoretical predictions based on the orthotropic material model is demonstrated. In the inelastic range, to describe the anisotropic yielding of the material, the well‐known Hill's criterion utilising the 0.2% proof stresses is employed. Overall, the elastic and inelastic properties of the studied material are shown to vary significantly with the direction of loading.

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Material testing and analysis of WAAM stainless steel

Kyvelou¹,

Slack²,

Buchanan³

et al. 2021

ce papers

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Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a method of 3D printing that enables large structural elements to be built, with reasonable printing times and costs, making it well suited to applications in the construction industry. There is currently, however, limited information relating to the structural performance of WAAM material. Uncertainties include the basic mechanical properties, the degree of anisotropy and the influence of the as‐built geometry. Towards addressing this knowledge gap, a comprehensive series of tensile tests on coupons cut from WAAM stainless steel sheets was conducted and the results are presented and analysed herein. As‐built and machined coupons were tested to investigate the influence of the as‐built geometrical irregularity on the stress‐strain characteristics, while material anisotropy was explored by testing coupons produced at 0°, 45° and 90° to the printing layer orientation. Advanced non‐contact measurement techniques were employed to determine the geometric properties and deformation fields of the test specimens, while sophisticated analysis methods were used for post processing the resulting test data. The underlying material stress‐strain response, as determined from the tensile tests on the machined coupons, revealed a significant degree of anisotropy while the effective mechanical properties of the as‐built material were shown to be strongly dependent on the level of geometric variability arising from the printing process.

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Mechanical and microstructural testing of wire and arc additively manufactured sheet material

Cited by 137 publications

References 54 publications

Assessment of design mechanical parameters and partial safety factors for Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufactured stainless steel

Assessment of design mechanical parameters and partial safety factors for Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufactured stainless steel

Characterisation of the anisotropic response of wire and arc additively manufactured stainless steel

Material testing and analysis of WAAM stainless steel

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