Measuring Unfair Inequality: Reconciling Equality of Opportunity and Freedom from Poverty

Hufe, Paul; Kanbur, Ravi; Peichl, Andreas

doi:10.1093/restud/rdab101

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…This fact is critical for the individual and the society, since outcome inequalities are considered unfair if they are rooted in factors that are beyond individual control. 49 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-course inequalities in intrinsic capacity and healthy ageing, China

Si¹,

Hanewald²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Bull World Health Org

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Objective To investigate the contribution of early-life factors on intrinsic capacity of Chinese adults older than 45 years. Methods We used data on 21 783 participants from waves 1 (2011) and 2 (2013) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), who also participated in the 2014 CHARLS Life History Survey to calculate a previously validated measure of intrinsic capacity. We considered 11 early-life factors and investigated their direct association with participants’ intrinsic capacity later in life, as well as their indirect association through four current socioeconomic factors. We used multivariable linear regression and the decomposition of the concentration index to investigate the contribution of each determinant to intrinsic capacity inequalities. Findings Participants with a favourable environment in early life (that is, parental education, childhood health and neighbourhood environment) had a significantly higher intrinsic capacity score in later life. For example, participants with a literate father recorded a 0.040 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.020 to 0.051) higher intrinsic capacity score than those with an illiterate father. This inequality was greater for cognitive, sensory and psychological capacities than locomotion and vitality. Overall, early-life factors directly explained 13.92% (95% CI: 12.07 to 15.77) of intrinsic capacity inequalities, and a further 28.57% (95% CI: 28.19 to 28.95) of these inequalities through their influence on current socioeconomic inequalities. Conclusion Unfavourable early-life factors appear to decrease late-life health status in China, particularly cognitive, sensory and psychological capacities, and these effects are exacerbated by cumulative socioeconomic inequalities over a person’s life course.

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“…This fact is critical for the individual and the society, since outcome inequalities are considered unfair if they are rooted in factors that are beyond individual control. 49 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-course inequalities in intrinsic capacity and healthy ageing, China

Si¹,

Hanewald²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Bull World Health Org

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“…As an element of getting us closer to a robust approach in inequality research, the choice of a (decomposable) relative entropy measure is guided by its proximity to the literature on information theory [ 35 ], characterizing the relative (Shannon) entropy as a measure of surprise. Entropy is a measure of concentration of probabilities.…”

Section: Data and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Entropy-Based Approach to Measuring Diet Adherence

Huffman,

Ortega-Avila,

Nájera

2023

Entropy

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The aim of this study is to put forward an approach designed to calculate and sum up discrepancies between the actual food acquisition or intake and any standard or norm. Based on secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Mexican National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure, our proposed method to produce classes of entropy-based Diet Adherence Indices generates a Food Basket Adherence Index (FBAI) for Mexico City (2129 households). Findings suggest that it is possible to measure and decompose diet adherence using a cross entropy measure. Using food expenditure data and a normative food basket for Mexico City results, we show households’ deviations from the suggested norm for different food groups. The average FBAI was 0.44, far above the minimum score of 0 which would indicate full adherence to the normative food basket. Our measure has a distribution wide enough to detect meaningful changes and distinguish between groups with known differences, providing important new insights on the linkages between home food environments and income distribution, and food insecurity and household distribution.

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“…While there are some studies that investigate the effect of inequality perceptions on subjective well-being and preferences for redistribution, we still lack studies that try to investigate both inequality and inequity perceptions at the same time. However, some studies try to estimate objective inequity based on certain normative principles (Ahrens, 2022;Hufe et al, 2022).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective Inequity Aversion: How Unfair Inequality Affects Subjective Well-Being

Bohmann¹,

Kalleitner²

2023

Preprint

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This paper argues that `inequity aversion' can be understood as an emotional reaction to perceived injustice that arises from individuals’ comparisons of their own and others’ outcomes to a subjective fairness ideal. In particular, we assume that subjective perceptions of inequity and not objective deviations from equality are crucial to understanding how individuals react to inequality. The paper formalizes these insights by adapting the Fehr and Schmidt (1999) model of inequity aversion replacing the fairness frame of objective equality with subjectively perceived equity. We test this model using data from the European Social Survey 2018 analyzing the association between respondents' perceived fairness of own, top, and bottom incomes with subjective well-being and preferences for redistribution. Results from spline regressions with country-fixed effects indicate that perceived injustice of own and top incomes is positively related to individuals' subjective well-being. For the perceived injustice of bottom incomes, we find no substantive relationships with subjective well-being. Further analyses indicate a positive link between the perceived injustice of bottom and top incomes and preferences for redistribution. In sum, our results suggest that injustice perceived for oneself is connected to utility while perceived injustice of others is related to increased willingness to back redistributive policy proposals even if they are not in line with material self-interest.

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Measuring Unfair Inequality: Reconciling Equality of Opportunity and Freedom from Poverty

Cited by 20 publications

References 124 publications

Life-course inequalities in intrinsic capacity and healthy ageing, China

Life-course inequalities in intrinsic capacity and healthy ageing, China

An Entropy-Based Approach to Measuring Diet Adherence

Subjective Inequity Aversion: How Unfair Inequality Affects Subjective Well-Being

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