Measuring Treatment Response in Pharmacological and Lifestyle Interventions Using Electroencephalography in ADHD: A Review

Kirkland, Anna E.; Holton, Kathleen F.

doi:10.1177/1550059418817966

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…Hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity in children has early on been suggested to be reflected in a cortical slowing of processing in frontal regions i.e., and increase in slow (theta, ~2–8 Hz) band activity in EEG recordings [170,171] reflecting decreased alertness possibly due to abnormal monoaminergic transmission in the corticocortical and corticostrital networks described below (but see also [172] for a review). The relative theta-to-beta (16–25 Hz) activity over midline electrodes (i.e., the theta/beta ratio, TBR) represents an FDA approved adjunct diagnostic tool for pediatric ADHD although it is associated with some controversy (see [173] for discussion and meta-analysis).…”

Section: The Neurophysiology Of Adhd and How Exercise May Exert Bementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations

Christiansen

Beck

Bilenberg

et al. 2019

JCM

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex symptomatology, and core symptoms as well as functional impairment often persist into adulthood. Recent investigations estimate the worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents to be ~7%, which is a substantial increase compared to a decade ago. Conventional treatment most often includes pharmacotherapy with central nervous stimulants, but the number of non-responders and adverse effects call for treatment alternatives. Exercise has been suggested as a safe and low-cost adjunctive therapy for ADHD and is reported to be accompanied by positive effects on several aspects of cognitive functions in the general child population. Here we review existing evidence that exercise affects cognitive functions in children with and without ADHD and present likely neurophysiological mechanisms of action. We find well-described associations between physical activity and ADHD, as well as causal evidence in the form of small to moderate beneficial effects following acute aerobic exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD. Despite large heterogeneity, meta-analyses find small positive effects of exercise in population-based control (PBC) children, and our extracted effect sizes from long-term interventions suggest consistent positive effects in children and adolescents with ADHD. Paucity of studies probing the effect of different exercise parameters impedes finite conclusions in this regard. Large-scale clinical trials with appropriately timed exercise are needed. In summary, the existing preliminary evidence suggests that exercise can improve cognitive performance intimately linked to ADHD presentations in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis. Based on the findings from both PBC and ADHD children, we cautiously provide recommendations for parameters of exercise.

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Section: The Neurophysiology Of Adhd and How Exercise May Exert Bementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations

Christiansen

Beck

Bilenberg

et al. 2019

JCM

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“…Brain source localization of the EEG signal of ADHD patients has created a new way for diagnosing and treatment of the disease. Some studies suggested the application of the quantitate EEG in the assessment of diversities in baseline spectral power profiles and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments which had effects on electrocortical activity [96]. Table II summarizes major studies and research concerning ADHD source localization.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Brain Abnormalities Using Common Eeg Source Locmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of EEG source localization techniques and their applications on diagnosis of brain abnormalities

Asadzadeh

Rezaii

Beheshti

et al. 2020

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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In recent years, multiple noninvasive imaging modalities have been used to develop a better understanding of the human brain functionality, including positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, all of which provide brain images with millimeter spatial resolutions. Despite good spatial resolution, time resolution of these methods are poor and values are about seconds. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a popular non-invasive electrophysiological technique of relatively very high time resolution which is used to measure electric potential of brain neural activity. Scalp EEG recordings can be used to perform the inverse problem in order to specify the location of the dominant sources of the brain activity. In this paper, EEG source localization research is clustered as follows: solving the inverse problem by statistical method (37.5%), diagnosis of brain abnormalities using common EEG source localization methods (18.33%), improving EEG source localization methods by non-statistical strategies (3.33%), investigating the effect of the head model on EEG source imaging results (12.5%), detection of epileptic seizures by brain activity localization based on EEG signals (20%), diagnosis and treatment of ADHD abnormalities (8.33%). Among the available methods, minimum norm solution has shown to be very promising for sources with different depths. This review investigates diseases that are diagnosed using EEG source localization techniques. In this review we provide enough evidence that the effects of psychiatric drugs on the activity of brain sources have not been enough investigated, which provides motivation for consideration in the future research using EEG source localization methods.Index Terms-EEG signals, source localization, the inverse problem, head model, brain abnormalities, time resolution.S. Beheshti is with the

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“…However, the identification of EEG subgroups may help to optimize treatments (stimulant and non-stimulant treatment, neurofeedback, exercise, and dietary intervention) and/or measure the response to them. Indeed, stimulant treatment was more efficient in the hypoarousal subgroup [for review, see Kirkland (72)] or unstable alertness (70) and was not efficient in ADHD patients with a slowed individual alpha peak frequency (73).…”

Section: Perspectives In Terms Of Evaluation Of Sleepiness With Eeg Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Measurements in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2020

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. It is a heterogeneous disorder in terms of clinical presentation that is probably due to the frequent occurrence of comorbidity. Children with ADHD more frequently report sleep disorders (notably delayed sleep phase syndrome) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) than typically developing children. The aim of this article is to propose a narrative review of the assessment of EDS in the context of ADHD with first a summary of the subjective and objective tools used to measure it. Secondly, perspectives in terms of electroencephalogram (EEG) markers and neurofeedback are proposed. Then, possibilities for new kinds of evaluation are discussed (virtual reality, ecological momentary assessment, etc.). Lastly, we discuss specific clinical situations with EDS in the context of ADHD as links with narcolepsy, the comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, and the context of sluggish cognitive tempo.

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Measuring Treatment Response in Pharmacological and Lifestyle Interventions Using Electroencephalography in ADHD: A Review

Cited by 15 publications

References 97 publications

Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations

Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations

A systematic review of EEG source localization techniques and their applications on diagnosis of brain abnormalities

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Measurements in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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