Measuring the Work Function at a Nanobelt Tip and at a Nanoparticle Surface

Bai, Xuedong; Wang, Ee Ge; Gao, Pu‐Xian; Wang, Zhong Lin

doi:10.1021/nl034342p

Cited by 264 publications

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“…Z nO nanowires (NWs), an outstanding member of the family of onedimensional nanostructures, 1Ϫ3 have found many applications in fabricating electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical, and electromechanical devices, such as ultraviolet (UV) lasers, 4 light-emitting diodes, 5 field emission devices, 6,7 solar cells, 8 as well as piezo-nanogenerators. 9,10 In general, ZnO NWs are typically manufactured by two methods, namely, physical vapor deposition and hydrothermal decomposition.…”

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Optimizing and Improving the Growth Quality of ZnO Nanowire Arrays Guided by Statistical Design of Experiments

et al. 2009

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ZnO nanowires (NWs), an outstanding member of the family of onedimensional nanostructures, 1Ϫ3 have found many applications in fabricating electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical, and electromechanical devices, such as ultraviolet (UV) lasers, 4 light-emitting diodes, 5 field emission devices, 6,7 solar cells, 8 as well as piezo-nanogenerators. 9,10 In general, ZnO NWs are typically manufactured by two methods, namely, physical vapor deposition and hydrothermal decomposition. In contrast to the physical vapor deposition, synthesized via the wet chemical method, the ZnO NWs are of low aspect ratio typically of 10 to 15, 11,12 which greatly limits their applications in which flexible and high surface to volume ratio ZnO NWs are needed. There has been a few reports that the aspect ratio of the ZnO NWs could be increased by adding some external capping agents, such as ethylenediamine (En) 13 and polyethylenimine (PEI); 8 however, at the same time, these capping agents might also introduce some undesirable impurities into the ZnO NWs, which would greatly undermine their applications for which untainted ZnO NWs are required.In most existing literature, synthesis of nanomaterials lacks of theoretical guidance for achieving high quality and reproducible nanomaterials. The practical requirements for nanomaterial synthesis are morphology control, dimensionality control, and orientation control. In this study, as guided by statistical methods, we performed a sequence of experiments toward growing aspect ratio enhanced ZnO NW arrays. Classic statistical analysis did not suit this application due to the uncontrollable variation in the process and complex interactions among various factors. In this work, we use pick-the-winner rule 14 and one-pair-at-a-time main effect analysis 15 to identify optimal reaction settings. By controlling the hydrothermal reaction parameters, for instance, the precursor concentration, the reaction time, and temperature, the aspect ratio of the ZnO NWs can be improved to almost twice that of the regular ZnO NWs. Furthermore, the antireflection properties were also improved dramatically with increased aspect ratio of the ZnO NW arrays, which shows great potential applications as antireflection coating layer for solar cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONReaction Mechanism and Statistical Design of Experiments. The annealing process helped the as-deposited Au layer to form a uniform crystalline thin layer on the surface of the Si substrate, which was critical to the oriented growth of aligned ZnO NWs. The chemistry of the growth has been well-

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“…For many samples, either the NWs grew sparsely or clustered in certain locations. Quite often, (CH 2 ) 6 …”

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Optimizing and Improving the Growth Quality of ZnO Nanowire Arrays Guided by Statistical Design of Experiments

et al. 2009

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“…MoO 3 nanobelts have been shown to exhibit superior performance. The work function at the tips of individual ZnO nanobelts has been measured by a novel technique [23].…”

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ZnO nanostructures for optoelectronic applications

et al. 2008

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“…This ZnO material shows rather high photocatalytic reduction activity of CO 2 and the yield of CH 4 reaches 2.48 umol/g catalyst. Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, discal morphology, preparation conditions, photocatalytic reduction 1Introduction Zinc oxide has drawn considerable attention because of its attractive optical-electrical characteristics [1,2] that make it potentially applicable in a lot of fields such as ultraviolet lasing [3], photocatalysts [4]and so on [5,6]. In addition, 1D nanoscale ZnO is preferred in photoanode applications due to its larger surface area [7].…”

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Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂

Chen

Liu

et al. 2016

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Abstract. ZnO nanoparticles were fabricated by anodization method. Different fabrication conditions, including pH buffers (sodium hydroxide, citric acid, oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide), electrolyte concentration, temperature and voltage were investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEMs) revealed that zinc oxide nanoparticles with discal morphology were formed. The optimum conditions for fabrication of nano ZnO material with discal shape nanoparticles are 1wt% NH 4 F electrolyte in water ethano(1:1) solution at 25 o C and 40v with 0.2M citric acid as pH buffer. This ZnO material shows rather high photocatalytic reduction activity of CO 2 and the yield of CH 4 reaches 2.48 umol/g catalyst. Keywords: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, discal morphology, preparation conditions, photocatalytic reduction 1Introduction Zinc oxide has drawn considerable attention because of its attractive optical-electrical characteristics [1,2] that make it potentially applicable in a lot of fields such as ultraviolet lasing [3], photocatalysts [4]and so on [5,6]. In addition, 1D nanoscale ZnO is preferred in photoanode applications due to its larger surface area [7].Anodic oxidation has been employed in synthesis of many kinds of metal oxides with 1D nanostructure [8~10]. Research on anodization of various valve metals by P. Schmuki group [11~14] showed that anodizing can be applied to the preparation of nanostructures of other valve metals. Anodization of Znthat is one of the valve metals especially synthesis of 1D nanoscale of ZnO by anodizing has been widely investigated, since its gentle conditions and cheap equipment. S. Sreekantan et al. [7] have reported that nanoneedle, nanoflower and nanoflake of ZnO can be obtained by anodization in different concentration of sodium hydroxide. Apiked ZnO nanowire structures [15] are achieved by changing the NH 4 F concentration. Studies on the preparation of ZnO strips have been conducted by Sung Joong Kim et al [16].Although many researches have concentrated on 1D nanoscale ZnO, research of various nanostructures in this field is still at primary stage. Hence, the new morphology and application of ZnO nanoparticle is yet to be further found. The key to nanostructure of ZnO

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Measuring the Work Function at a Nanobelt Tip and at a Nanoparticle Surface

Cited by 264 publications

References 19 publications

Optimizing and Improving the Growth Quality of ZnO Nanowire Arrays Guided by Statistical Design of Experiments

Optimizing and Improving the Growth Quality of ZnO Nanowire Arrays Guided by Statistical Design of Experiments

ZnO nanostructures for optoelectronic applications

Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂

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Measuring the Work Function at a Nanobelt Tip and at a Nanoparticle Surface

Cited by 264 publications

References 19 publications

Optimizing and Improving the Growth Quality of ZnO Nanowire Arrays Guided by Statistical Design of Experiments

Optimizing and Improving the Growth Quality of ZnO Nanowire Arrays Guided by Statistical Design of Experiments

ZnO nanostructures for optoelectronic applications

Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2

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Fabrication of ZnO Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO₂