Measuring the ups and downs of pregnancy stress

DiPietro, Janet A.; Ghera, Melissa M.; Costigan, Kathleen A.; Hawkins, Melissa

doi:10.1080/01674820400017830

Cited by 160 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Pregnancy-related daily hassles were measured using a Dutch translation of the Pregnancy Experience Scale (PES; DiPietro, Ghera, Costigan, & Hawkins, 2004), consisting of 43 items (a ¼ .87). Example items are "discussing baby names with your spouse", and "preparing the nursery".…”

Section: Pregnancy-related Daily Hasslesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal late pregnancy anxiety and stress is associated with children’s health: a longitudinal study

Zijlmans

Beijers

Riksen-Walraven

et al. 2017

Stress

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Aim: Maternal prenatal anxiety and stress (PNS) have been positively associated to physical health prob lems in offspring in the first year of life. Whether these associations are transient, persistent, or even progressive over time, is as yet unknown. The goal of this study is to investigate associations between late pregnancy PNS and child health from 18 months to age 6. Methods: Mothers were recruited in late pregnancy, and had uncomplicated, singleton pregnancies without physical health problems. Around week 37 of pregnancy, mothers reported on their PNS by means of questionnaires, and provided saliva for determination of circadian cortisol concentrations. Children's illnesses in the preceding year were assessed using maternal reports at 30, 48, 60, and 72 months. Antibiotic use was obtained from medical records between one and six years. Multilevel models (N 1 =4174) showed a positive relation between maternal prenatal general and pregnancy-specific anxiety during late pregnancy and offspring respiratory illnesses and symptoms. Interaction effects with time indicated that more PNS was related to more respiratory illnesses until toddlerhood, but not later in life. Furthermore, maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations were related to child digestive illnesses. A steeper maternal cortisol decline over the day was related to more child digestive illnesses, until around three years of age. Finally, children of mothers who suffered more from daily hassles during pregnancy received more antibiotics between one and six years of age. PNS was not related to general and skin illnesses. Conclusion: Summarizing, this study showed that late pregnancy anxiety and cortisol was associated with children's respiratory and digestive illnesses till the age of 3.0-3.5 years. Additionally, more daily hassles were related to more prescribed antibiotics between one and six years. These findings point in the direction of possible effects of PNS persisting beyond the first year of life and into toddlerhood, but disappearing at older ages. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Pregnancy-related Daily Hasslesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal late pregnancy anxiety and stress is associated with children’s health: a longitudinal study

Zijlmans

Beijers

Riksen-Walraven

et al. 2017

Stress

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“…Two shortcomings limit the interpretation of the pregnancy stress variable as a measure of maternal stress. Although multiple domains -from the occurrence of life events, 31 to pregnancy-specific daily events, 46 to the experience of racism 47,48 -are expected to contribute to overall stress, data to assess the influence of these factors were not available. Additionally, individual physiological stress responses to experienced events will vary and are influenced by a complex set of factors including genetics, personality, prior experience, social support and personal perception of these events, 49,50 which are also not considered here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β2-Adrenergic receptor gene variants and risk for autism in the AGRE cohort

et al. 2007

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The b 2 -adrenergic receptor is part of the catecholamine system, and variants at two polymorphic sites in the gene coding for the receptor (ADRB2) confer increased activity. Overstimulation of this receptor may alter brain development, and has been linked to autism in non-identical twins. The objective of this study was to determine whether alleles in ADRB2 are associated with diagnosis of autism in the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) population. Three hundred and thirty-one independent autism case-parent trios were included in the analysis. Subjects were genotyped at activity-related polymorphisms rs1042713 (codon 16) and rs1042714 (codon 27). Association between autism and genotypes at each polymorphic site was tested using genotype-based transmission disequilibrium tests, and effect modification by family and pregnancy characteristics was evaluated. Sensitivity to designation of the proband in each family was assessed by performing 1000 repeats of the analysis selecting affected children randomly. A statistically significant OR of 1.66 for the Glu27 homozygous genotype was observed. Increased associations with this genotype were observed among a subset of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule confirmed cases and a subset reporting experience of pregnancy-related stressors. In conclusion, the Glu27 allele of the ADRB2 gene may confer increased risk of autism and shows increased strength with exposure to pregnancy related stress.

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“…In contrast, those without PPD confided about emotions such as a deep sadness after the experience of miscarriage or an uncomfortable health condition. It is reported that the pregnancy experience has both negative and positive elements, and that the more one shares about their anxiety and worries the more positive the experience (DiPietro et al, 2004). For mothers with the withdrawn style, having a baby could be conceived as an experience of not being in control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Experience of Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Withdrawn Attachment Style during Pregnancy and the First Postnatal Month

Ikeda¹,

Hayashi²,

Kamibeppu³

2015

OJD

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Approximately 19% of women experience minor or major depression in the first three months following childbirth. Most research suggests that women with withdrawn attachment styles are less likely to be depressed. However, unlike mothers in Western culture, mothers in Japan with withdrawn attachment styles are reported to have greater potential to become depressed. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the behaviors and situational awareness of Japanese mothers' with withdrawn attachment styles during pregnancy in order to reveal the specific dynamics underlying the withdrawn style. Interview data were analyzed using qualitative thematic content analysis. Of the 84 women assessed, 12 were determined to have a withdrawn style, and based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, five demonstrated the onset of postpartum depression (PPD). Two themes regarding relationships with partners emerged including: 1) confiding behavior: the importance of what is shared; and 2) need to be heard: wanting sympathy rather than criticism. Additionally, three themes describing mothers' experiences during the first postnatal month emerged: 1) overwhelming experiences: the childbirth experience; 2) seeking help: behavior changes altered relationships; and 3) experience with the baby. Withdrawn style mothers keep distance from crisis, avoid closeness with others, and opt to manage problems by themselves. However, childbirth and infant care are not easily managed in this style. Mothers who used childbirth to confide in their partners may have reduced the severity of insecurity or devel-* Corresponding author.M. Ikeda et al. 62oped a more secure style. Healthcare professionals are in the best position to develop good relationships with new mothers and provide support that focuses more on emotional factors and self-esteem levels.

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Measuring the ups and downs of pregnancy stress

Cited by 160 publications

References 61 publications

Maternal late pregnancy anxiety and stress is associated with children’s health: a longitudinal study

Maternal late pregnancy anxiety and stress is associated with children’s health: a longitudinal study

β2-Adrenergic receptor gene variants and risk for autism in the AGRE cohort

The Experience of Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Withdrawn Attachment Style during Pregnancy and the First Postnatal Month

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