Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures

Lütgert, J.; Vorberger, Jan; Hartley, N. J.; Voigt, K.; Rödel, Melanie; Schuster, A. K.; Benuzzi‐Mounaix, A.; Brown, Shaughnessy; Cowan, T. E.; Cunningham, Eric; Döppner, T.; Falcone, R. W.; Fletcher, L. B.; Galtier, Eric; Glenzer, S. H.; Garcia, Aidan; Gericke, D. O.; Heimann, Philip; Lee, H J; McBride, E. E.; Pełka, A.; Prencipe, Irene; Saunders, A. M.; Schölmerich, M.; Schörner, Maximilian; Sun, Peihao; Vinci, T.; Ravasio, A.; Kraus, D.

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-91769-0

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The drive laser creates a rapidly expanding plasma on the front surface of the target, launching a single shock wave into the cold material behind the ablation front. In contrast to the previous experiments on PS (C 8 H 8 ) n using a double-stage shock (12,13), a single pulse is sufficient to drive C─H─O samples to similar planetary-relevant states (15). An aluminum coating with a thickness of 1 m was coated on the sample to prevent low-intensity laser prepulses to preheat the sample, and the reflective metal layer can also be applied to characterize the shock dynamics with VISAR to constrain pressure and density inside the sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction

et al. 2022

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Extreme conditions inside ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune can result in peculiar chemistry and structural transitions, e.g., the precipitation of diamonds or superionic water, as so far experimentally observed only for pure C─H and H 2 O systems, respectively. Here, we investigate a stoichiometric mixture of C and H 2 O by shock-compressing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics and performing in situ x-ray probing. We observe diamond formation at pressures between 72 ± 7 and 125 ± 13 GPa at temperatures ranging from ~3500 to ~6000 K. Combining x-ray diffraction and small-angle x-ray scattering, we access the kinetics of this exotic reaction. The observed demixing of C and H 2 O suggests that diamond precipitation inside the ice giants is enhanced by oxygen, which can lead to isolated water and thus the formation of superionic structures relevant to the planets’ magnetic fields. Moreover, our measurements indicate a way of producing nanodiamonds by simple laser-driven shock compression of cheap PET plastics.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction

et al. 2022

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“…Specific examples include plasmonics, 2 , 3 optics, 4 , 5 and more recently warm dense matter (WDM) 6 , 7 —an extreme state that occurs in astrophysical objects 8 , 9 and that is also relevant for technological applications. 10 − 13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the ongoing development of technological and, along with it, experimental capabilities has resulted in the need for a theory that captures phenomena beyond the linear response regime. Specific examples include plasmonics, , optics, , and more recently warm dense matter (WDM) , an extreme state that occurs in astrophysical objects , and that is also relevant for technological applications. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density Functional Theory Perspective on the Nonlinear Response of Correlated Electrons across Temperature Regimes

Moldabekov

Vorberger

Dornheim

2022

J. Chem. Theory Comput.

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We explore a new formalism to study the nonlinear electronic density response based on Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) at partially and strongly quantum degenerate regimes. It is demonstrated that the KS-DFT calculations are able to accurately reproduce the available path integral Monte Carlo simulation results at temperatures relevant for warm dense matter research. The existing analytical results for the quadratic and cubic response functions are rigorously tested. It is demonstrated that the analytical results for the quadratic response function closely agree with the KS-DFT data. Furthermore, the performed analysis reveals that currently available analytical formulas for the cubic response function are not able to describe simulation results, neither qualitatively nor quantitatively, at small wavenumbers q < 2 q F , with q F being the Fermi wavenumber. The results show that KS-DFT can be used to describe warm dense matter that is strongly perturbed by an external field with remarkable accuracy. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that KS-DFT constitutes a valuable tool to guide the development of the nonlinear response theory of correlated quantum electrons from ambient to extreme conditions. This opens up new avenues to study nonlinear effects in a gamut of different contexts at conditions that cannot be accessed with previously used path integral Monte Carlo methods.

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“…Shock-compression experiments are among the premier ways extreme conditions can be reached in the laboratory. They have been used to study the high-pressure phase diagram of various geological materials [3], metals like silver, gold and platinum [4][5][6], iron at super-Earth conditions [7], and hydrocarbons [8][9][10], even revealing novel phenomena like the formation of diamonds in the interior of Neptune [11]. In shock and ramp compression studies, copper itself is often used as a resistivity gauge [12], yet remarkably little attention has been paid to the effect of shock compression on the resistivity of copper itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An \textit{ab initio} study of shock-compressed copper

Schörner¹,

Witte²,

Baczewski³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We investigate shock-compressed copper in the warm dense matter regime by means of density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations. We use neural-network-driven interatomic potentials to increase the size of the simulation box and extract thermodynamic properties in the hydrodynamic limit. We show the agreement of our simulation results with experimental data for solid copper at ambient conditions and liquid copper near the melting point under ambient pressure. Furthermore, a thorough analysis of the dynamic ion-ion structure factor in shock-compressed copper is performed and the adiabatic speed of sound is extracted and compared with experimental data.which contains all information on the dynamics of the ion system, can be defined. Here N is the number of ions in the system, k is the wave vector, ω is the frequency, and the spatial Fourier component of the ion density n( r, t)

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Measuring the structure and equation of state of polyethylene terephthalate at megabar pressures

Abstract: We present structure and equation of state (EOS) measurements of biaxially orientated polyethylene terephthalate (PET, $$({\hbox {C}}_{10} {\hbox {H}}_8 {\hbox {O}}_4)_n$$ ( C 10 H 8 O 4 … Show more

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction

Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction

Density Functional Theory Perspective on the Nonlinear Response of Correlated Electrons across Temperature Regimes

An \textit{ab initio} study of shock-compressed copper

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