Measuring the Home Environments of Children in Early Adolescence

Bradley, Robert H.; Corwyn, Robert F.; Caldwell, Bettye M.; Whiteside-Mansell, Leanne; Wasserman, Gail A.; Mink, Iris Tan

doi:10.1207/sjra1003_1

Cited by 120 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In addition, our findings provide further support to a growing literature that different aspects of early parenting are related to early cognitive development (Bradley et al, 2000;TamisLeMonda & Bornstein, 2002) and extend this literature by suggesting that both level and change in parenting during infancy predict infant outcomes. Of particular interest was the finding that increases in maternal engagement, maternal language input, and the overall learning environment, and decreases in maternal harshness, all predicted cognitive skills at 15 months even when statistically accounting for the quality of each of these parenting dimensions at 6 months.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…This paper shows that the severity of risk exposure can be detected for infants as young as 15 months. Furthermore, as reported with older children (Bradley et al, 2000;Fuligni et al, 2004), our results suggest that lack of access to learning and literacy activities as well as less parental warmth and positive engagement may account for a large part of why cumulative risk exposure is negatively related to cognitive development.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The other, the Learning and Literacy scale (α = .84), measured whether the child had age-appropriate toys, the mother named at least one object for the child, and the family had at least 10 books. The HOME has been a strong predictor of child outcomes regardless of income or ethnicity (e.g., Bradley et al, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HOME has been a strong predictor of child outcomes regardless of income or ethnicity (e.g., Bradley et al, 2000).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various studies have examined access to cognitively stimulating materials, maternal warmth and responsiveness in interactions with the child, and maternal language skills. Children from low-SES families often have less access to cognitively stimulating materials, which accounts for ethnicity differences and at least some of the SES differences in child outcomes (Bradley & Corwyn, 1999;Bradley et al, 2000;Brooks-Gunn & Duncan, 1997). Poverty is related to less warmth and responsiveness and more withdrawal and harshness in mother -child interactions, which also accounts for at least some of the association between poverty and child outcomes in early and middle childhood NICHD ECCRN, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cumulative Social Risk, Parenting, and Infant Development in Rural Low-Income Communities

2008

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SynopsisObjective-The extent to which the severity of exposure to social risk is related to parenting and cognitive development in the first 15 months of an infant's life was studied in a representative diverse sample of families in two rural poor regions in the United States.Design-One thousand two hundred ninety-two families were followed for the first 15 months of the infant's life.Results-Evidence supported a pathway from risk severity through maternal sensitivity and warmth, language and learning activities, and maternal language to child outcomes, with the language and learning activities providing the most consistent independent prediction. Race, age, and geographic isolation moderated the associations between risk and different aspects of parenting. Both level and change in maternal engagement, maternal language input, and overall learning environment were related to early cognitive development. Cumulative risk measured as the mean of risk variables was a stronger predictor of parenting and infant development than when measured as the count of risk factors.Conclusion-Severity of risk exposure is negatively related to parenting and to child development for infants as young as 15 months of age. This study provides evidence supporting a pathway from risk severity through parenting to child outcomes and suggests that both initial parenting skills and change in parenting skills during infancy predict infants' cognitive skills. IntroductionFamily poverty and related social risk factors often have been linked to a variety of poor outcomes for young children (Hart & Risley, 1995;Campbell & Ramey, 1994; NICHD Early Child Care Research Network [ECCRN], 2005;Vernon-Feagans, 1996), especially if poverty and its attendant social risks are experienced during infancy (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 2000) or in families isolated in a rural setting (Brody & Flor, 1998). Most hypothesized process models include pathways from poverty and attendant risks through proximal parenting processes to child outcomes to explain why poverty impacts children's development (Sameroff & Fiese, 2000); however, this work has not identified specific aspects of parenting that serve as mediators. The current study was designed to address four issues relating exposure to social Copyright of Parenting: Science & Practice is the property of Lawrence Erlbaum Associates and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptParent Sci Pract. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 November 16. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript risk in infancy to different aspects of early parenting and to early cognitive development for infants and their families in rural low-income communities.Cumulative risk models, first proposed by Rutter (1979) and Garmezy, Masten, and Tellegen (1984), were developed to take into account the high...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HOME has been a strong predictor of child outcomes regardless of income or ethnicity (e.g., Bradley et al, 2000).…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%