Measuring the Heaviness of Smoking: using self‐reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day

Heatherton, Todd F.; Kozlowski, Lynn T.; Frecker, Richard C.; Rickert, W.S.; Robinson, J. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03059.x

Cited by 1,145 publications

(868 citation statements)

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“…Baseline data included contact details, age, highest qualification, postcode to enable matching to Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) scores 23, ethnicity (based on UK Census categories), gestation, pre‐pregnancy smoking rate, heaviness of smoking index 24, strength and frequency of urges to smoke 25, whether a quit date had been set, intention to quit 18, number of births beyond 24 weeks, partner's (significant other's) smoking status and health status using the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ‐5D) 26.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large multi-centre pilot randomized controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit)

et al. 2017

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AimsTo estimate the effectiveness of pregnancy smoking cessation support delivered by short message service (SMS) text message and key parameters needed to plan a definitive trial.DesignMulti‐centre, parallel‐group, single‐blinded, individual randomized controlled trial.SettingSixteen antenatal clinics in England.ParticipantsFour hundred and seven participants were randomized to the intervention (n = 203) or usual care (n = 204). Eligible women were < 25 weeks gestation, smoked at least one daily cigarette (> 5 pre‐pregnancy), were able to receive and understand English SMS texts and were not already using text‐based cessation support.InterventionAll participants received a smoking cessation leaflet; intervention participants also received a 12‐week programme of individually tailored, automated, interactive, self‐help smoking cessation text messages (MiQuit).Outcome measurementsSeven smoking outcomes, including validated continuous abstinence from 4 weeks post‐randomization until 36 weeks gestation, design parameters for a future trial and cost‐per‐quitter.FindingsUsing the validated, continuous abstinence outcome, 5.4% (11 of 203) of MiQuit participants were abstinent versus 2.0% (four of 204) of usual care participants [odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93–9.35]. The Bayes factor for this outcome was 2.23. Completeness of follow‐up at 36 weeks gestation was similar in both groups; provision of self‐report smoking data was 64% (MiQuit) and 65% (usual care) and abstinence validation rates were 56% (MiQuit) and 61% (usual care). The incremental cost‐per‐quitter was £133.53 (95% CI = –£395.78 to 843.62).ConclusionsThere was some evidence, although not conclusive, that a text‐messaging programme may increase cessation rates in pregnant smokers when provided alongside routine NHS cessation care.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large multi-centre pilot randomized controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit)

et al. 2017

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“…Higher FTCD scores indicate greater cigarette dependence. The first two FTCD items make up the HSI, scored 0–6 38. Weekly smoking urges (scored 0–10) consists of the combined ratings of strength and frequency of urges 36, 37.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most widely used measure of cigarette dependence is the FTCD 30, 31, 32, 33, while the biochemical marker of expired carbon monoxide (CO) 34, 35 and urge to smoke 36, 37 are also used commonly to measure dependence. The Heaviness of Smoking Index HSI 38, composed of two items from the FTCD (time to first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes usually smoked per day), has been shown to predict failure of quit attempts in non‐pregnant smokers in both population‐based 24, 37 and clinical studies 27, 31, 32, 39. Therefore, we also examined the HSI and non‐HSI (comprised of the other four items in the FTCD) as predictors of abstinence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial

et al. 2016

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AimsTo examine the ability of different common measures of cigarette dependence to predict smoking cessation during pregnancy.DesignSecondary analysis of data from a parallel‐group randomized controlled trial of physical activity for smoking cessation. The outcomes were biochemically validated smoking abstinence at 4 weeks post‐quit and end‐of‐pregnancy.SettingWomen identified as smokers in antenatal clinics in 13 hospital trusts predominantly in southern England, who were recruited to a smoking cessation trial.ParticipantsOf 789 pregnant smokers recruited, 784 were included in the analysis.MeasurementsUsing random‐effect logistic regression models, we analysed the effects of baseline measures of cigarette dependence, including numbers of cigarettes smoked daily, Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) score, the two FTCD subscales of Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and non‐Heaviness of Smoking Index (non‐HSI), expired carbon monoxide (CO) level and urges to smoke (strength and frequency) on smoking cessation. Associations were adjusted for significant socio‐demographic/health behaviour predictors and trial variables, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the predictive ability of the model for each measure of dependence.FindingsAll the dependence variables predicted abstinence at 4 weeks and end‐of‐pregnancy. At 4 weeks, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for a unit standard deviation increase in FTCD was 0.59 (0.47–0.74), expired CO = 0.54 (0.41–0.71), number of cigarettes smoked per day 0.65 (0.51–0.84) and frequency of urges to smoke 0.79 (0.63–0.98); at end‐of‐pregnancy they were: 0.60 (0.45–0.81), 0.55 (0.37–0.80), 0.70 (0.49–0.98) and 0.69 (0.51–0.94), respectively. HSI and non‐HSI exhibited similar results to the full FTCD.ConclusionsFour common measures of dependence, including number of cigarettes smoked per day, scores for Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence and frequency of urges and level of expired CO, all predicted smoking abstinence in the short term during pregnancy and at end‐of‐pregnancy with very similar predictive validity.

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“…34 According to a wide range of family, adoption and twin studies, inter-individual differences in ND and smoking behavior are in part accounted for by inter-individual genetic differences. To begin to identify the relevant genes, several genome-wide scans have been performed.…”

Section: Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Loci In Finnish Twinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linkage of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior on 10q, 7q and 11p in twins with homogeneous genetic background

et al. 2007

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The significant worldwide health burden introduced by tobacco smoking highlights the importance of studying the genetic determinants of smoking behavior and the key factor sustaining compulsive smoking, that is, nicotine dependence (ND). We have here addressed the genetic background of smoking in a special study sample of twins, harmonized for early life events and specifically ascertained for smoking from the nationwide twin cohort of the genetically unique population of Finland. The twins and their families were carefully examined for extensive phenotype profiles and a genomewide scan was performed to identify loci behind the smoking status, ND and the comorbid phenotype of ND and alcohol use in 505 individuals from 153 families. We replicated previous linkage findings on 10q (max logarithm of the odds (LOD) 3.12) for a smoker phenotype, and on 7q and 11p (max LOD 2.50, and 2.25, respectively) for the ND phenotype. The loci linked for ND also showed evidence for linkage for the comorbid phenotype. Our study provides confirmatory evidence for the involvement of these genome regions in the genetic etiology of smoking behavior and ND and for the first time associates drinking and smoking to a shared locus on 10q.

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Measuring the Heaviness of Smoking: using self‐reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day

Cited by 1,145 publications

References 20 publications

Large multi-centre pilot randomized controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit)

Large multi-centre pilot randomized controlled trial testing a low-cost, tailored, self-help smoking cessation text message intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit)

Which measures of cigarette dependence are predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy? Analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial

Linkage of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior on 10q, 7q and 11p in twins with homogeneous genetic background

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