Measuring the full economic costs of diet, physical activity and obesity‐related chronic diseases

Popkin, Barry M.; Kim, S.; Rusev, E. R.; Du, Shufa; Zizza, Claire A.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2006.00230.x

Cited by 242 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(164 reference statements)

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“…5,10 This study shows a faster rate of increase in overweight of urban Chinese, especially among men. The decline in underweight status has also been faster among men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Many studies have documented the weight gain, the increases in overweight and obesity (BMIX25 kg/m 2 ), and the greater risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases among adults in China in the past 10 years. 2,5,[8][9][10] This paper focuses on an examination of shifts in the overall distribution of BMI, while also examining obesity trends. At the same time, we describe the trends of important factors associated with the trends of BMI distribution; for example, the trends of food consumption, physical activity and TV ownership in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in the distribution of body mass index among Chinese adults, aged 20–45 years (1989–2000)

et al. 2006

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Objective: To describe body mass index (BMI, in kg/m 2 ) distribution patterns and trends among Chinese adults, aged 20-45 years (1989-2000). Design: A descriptive, population-based study of BMI change. Setting: Chinese provinces (eight in 1989 and 1997; nine in 2000), representative of the household-based surveys (the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1989Survey, -2000 using multistage, random cluster sampling, supplemented with annual household consumption survey data of the State Statistical Bureau (SSB). Subjects: A total of 4527, 4507 and 4046 adults, aged 20-45 years, in 1989, 1997 and 2000, respectively. Measurements: BMI (underweight: BMIo18.5 kg/m 2 and overweight: BMIX25 kg/m 2 ). Percentile curves for BMI in 1989 and 2000 were constructed by gender and age using the LMS (lambda, mu, sigma) method. Results: Compared with 1989, the 2000 BMI distribution curves flattened at higher levels of BMI (men and women). There was a 13.7% increase in the proportion of men and a 7.9% increase of women who were overweight or obese with a resulting greater change in the annualized prevalence rate for men. This increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity was far greater than the decrease (2.1% for men; 2.2% for women) in that of underweight. Age-gender-specific percentile curves showed BMI increases mainly among women, aged 35-45 years, and among men at all age groups. Conclusions: Chinese BMI dynamics show much greater rates of change among men, aged 20-45 years, than among women, with the increase among women concentrated between ages 35 and 45 years. These changes portend large shifts in other dietrelated non-communicable diseases in China over the following decades. Controlling the increasing trends of BMI, especially in men, is an important public health problem facing China.

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“…5,10 This study shows a faster rate of increase in overweight of urban Chinese, especially among men. The decline in underweight status has also been faster among men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the distribution of body mass index among Chinese adults, aged 20–45 years (1989–2000)

et al. 2006

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“…For example, a Chinese case study found that the indirect costs were often far more significant than the health care costs, with indirect costs owing to loss of productivity ranging from 3.6 to 8.7% of the gross national product in China in 2000 and 2025, respectively. 8 This was supported by Katzmarzyk and Janssen 9 who estimated the total costs of obesity in Canada at $4.3 billion, with two-thirds of the costs involving indirect costs. In addition, from a study among Swedish women, it was concluded that approximately 10% of the total cost of productivity loss owing to sick leave and disability pensions was related to obesity and obesity-related diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The relationship between overweight and obesity, and sick leave: a systematic review

et al. 2009

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between overweight and obesity and sick leave. Design: Systematic, qualitative review. Literature search: A search in diverse databases was performed. Studies were considered as relevant if they were longitudinal in design and investigated the relationship between overweight and obesity and sick leave. Data extraction: The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated with a quality criteria list. To draw conclusions, a bestevidence synthesis was applied.Results: Thirteen studies were included. Four out of seven found overweight to be a predictor of long-term sick leave, whereas the remaining three showed a positive trend, but did not observe significance. Of the five studies investigating the relationship between overweight and short-term sick leave, inconsistent results were shown. Seven out of eight studies investigating the relationship with long-term sick leave found obesity as a significant predictor of long-term sick leave. In contrast, there were inconsistent results between the five studies examining the relationship between obesity and short spells of sick leave. Conclusions: Although this review found inconclusive evidence for a relationship between overweight and sick leave, a clear trend was discerned in that overweight was a predictor of especially long spells (47 days) of sick leave. As regards obesity, there was strong evidence for a positive relationship with sick leave because of the consistent finding that obesity was a significant predictor of long-term sick leave.

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“…China has undergone tremendous urbanization and economic development over the last few decades, and concurrently has entered a stage of the nutrition transition defined by levels of overnutrition and non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers that have become important public health concerns (Du, Lu, Zhai, & Popkin, 2002;Gu, Reynolds, Wu, Chen, Duan, Reynolds et al, 2005;Lee, 2004;Popkin, Kim, Rusev, Du, & Zizza, 2006). According to the year 2000 census, the urban population has reached a staggering 459 million people (36% of the national population) and continues to grow at rate of 4.7 percent annually (Friedman, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

China's transition: The effect of rapid urbanization on adult occupational physical activity

Monda

Gordon‐Larsen

Stevens

et al. 2007

Social Science & Medicine

209

184

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China has recently undergone rapid social and economic change. Increases in urbanization have led to equally rapid shifts toward more sedentary occupations through the acquisition of new technology and transitions away from a mostly agricultural economy. Our purpose was to utilize a detailed measure of urbanicity comprising 10 dimensions of urban services and infrastructure to examine its effects on the occupational physical activity patterns of Chinese adults. Longitudinal data were from individuals aged 18-55 from the years 1991-1997 of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (N=4376 men and 4384 women). Logistic multilevel regression analyses indicated that men had 68% greater odds, and women had 51% greater odds, of light versus heavy occupational activity given the mean change in urbanization over the 6-year period. Further, simulations showed that light occupational activity increased linearly with increasing urbanization. After controlling for individual-level predictors, community-level urbanization explained 54% and 40% of the variance in occupational activity for men and women, respectively. This study provides empirical evidence of the reduction in intensity of occupational activity with modernization. It is likely that urbanization will continue unabated in China and this is liable to lead to further transitions in the labor market resulting in additional reductions in work-related activity. Because occupational activity remains the major source of energy expenditure for adults, unless alternative forms are widely adopted, the Chinese population is at risk of dramatic increases in the numbers of overweight and obese individuals.

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Measuring the full economic costs of diet, physical activity and obesity‐related chronic diseases

Cited by 242 publications

References 132 publications

Trends in the distribution of body mass index among Chinese adults, aged 20–45 years (1989–2000)

Trends in the distribution of body mass index among Chinese adults, aged 20–45 years (1989–2000)

The relationship between overweight and obesity, and sick leave: a systematic review

China's transition: The effect of rapid urbanization on adult occupational physical activity

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