Measuring the Effectiveness and Durability of Silicified Sandstones and Conglomerates from Zamora, Spain Subject to Silico-organic Treatments and/or Freezing/Thawing Processes

Iñigo, Adolfo C.; Talegón, Jacinta García; Vicente-Palacios, Víctor; Tavera, Santiago Vicente

doi:10.1007/s00603-021-02434-x

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Two cubic samples (6 × 6 × 6 × 6 cm) were selected for each of the ZBS varieties, the chromatic coordinates of five of the faces were measured, and they were subjected to the following accelerated ageing treatments in a simulation chamber under controlled conditions. Five cycles were performed: T1: Freez/thaw and cool/heat cycles (−20 to 110 • C) according to the following procedure: After a drying period at 60 • C to reach a constant weight, the blocks were immersed in distilled water for 16 h (the rocks were saturated), after which they were cooled to −20 • C and kept at that temperature for 3 h. The temperature was then raised to 110 • C (rate = 2 • C/min), and the blocks were kept at that temperature for 3 h. Finally, the blocks were left for 2 h at room temperature and the process was restarted [16].…”

Section: Experimental and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T2: A combined freez/thaw treatment with sulphates crystallisation, following the method in T1 [16], but using a 14% (weight) solution of Na 2 SO 4 × 10 H 2 O instead of distilled water.…”

Section: Experimental and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T3: Same as T1 but using a 1% (weight) solution of Na 3 PO 4 × 10 H 2 O instead of the distilled water [16].…”

Section: Experimental and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the aesthetic parameters of a building stone is its colour, which contributes greatly to its ornamental value. As with other properties, colour monitoring is of great importance to evaluate treatment effectiveness when the stone is subjected to conservation or restoration treatment [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], to assess changes by accelerated ageing tests [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and to in situ deterioration in the building [3,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. In most of the works cited, stone building materials, after the application of conservation treatments (waterproofing, consolidation, desalination, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Artificial Freeze/Thaw and Thermal Shock Ageing, Combined or Not with Salt Crystallisation on the Colour of Zamora Building Stones (Spain)

et al. 2022

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After subjecting Zamora building stones to accelerated ageing tests, colour changes were studied, namely: (a) freezing/thawing and thermal shock (gelifraction and thermoclasty), and (b) combination of freezing/thawing plus thermal shock and salt crystallisation (sulphates or phosphates) (gelifraction, thermoclasty and haloclasty). Zamora building stones are silicified conglomerates (silcretes) from the Cretaceous that show marked colour changes due to the remobilisation of iron oxyhydroxides. In this work, four varieties were: white stone; ochreous stone; white and red stone; and purple stone Their micromorphological characterization (skeleton, weathering plasma and porosity/cutan) is formed of grains and fragments of quartz and quartzite as well as by accesory minerals muscovite and feldspar (more or less altered), and some opaque. Quartz, feldspar and illite/mica were part of the skeleton; kaolinite, iron oxyhydroxides, and CT opal were part of the weathering plasma or cutans; their porosity were 11.7–8.7%. Their chromatic data have been statistically analysed (MANOVA-Biplot). They showed higher variations in ΔE*, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb*on combined freezing/thawing plus thermal shock and sulphates crystallisation leading to rapid alteration of the building stones. Chromatic differences between the other two artificial ageing tests were less evident and were not detected in all samples. The global effect of ageing on the Zamora building stones darkened them and reduced their yellowing. The ochreous stone suffered the least variation and the purple stone the most. This study of the colour by statistical analyse may be of interest for the evaluation and monitoring of stone decay, which is an inexpensive, simple, easy and non-destructive technique.

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Section: Experimental and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T2: A combined freez/thaw treatment with sulphates crystallisation, following the method in T1 [16], but using a 14% (weight) solution of Na 2 SO 4 × 10 H 2 O instead of distilled water.…”

Section: Experimental and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T3: Same as T1 but using a 1% (weight) solution of Na 3 PO 4 × 10 H 2 O instead of the distilled water [16].…”

Section: Experimental and Statistical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Artificial Freeze/Thaw and Thermal Shock Ageing, Combined or Not with Salt Crystallisation on the Colour of Zamora Building Stones (Spain)

et al. 2022

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Temperature Field Distribution and Numerical Simulation of Improved Freezing Scheme for Shafts in Loose and Soft Stratum

Chen,

Wan,

et al. 2024

Rock Mech Rock Eng

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Application of three‐way mixed multivariate analysis of variance method to detect changes in chromatic coordinates (L, a, b*) in building granites

García‐Talegón,

Iñigo,

Paredes

et al. 2024

Coloration Technology

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In the present work we determined the chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) for three building stones used in the heritage city of Ávila, Spain (World Granite Heritage City, 1988). The stones came from quarries and were subjected to 90 cycles of three types of accelerated ageing processes: (a) freezing/thawing together with cooling/heating (T1); (b) salt crystallisation (T2); and (c) freezing/thawing together with cooling/heating + salt crystallisation (T3). A three‐way mixed MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) was applied to the data obtained. Significant variations in the three chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) were observed between the three types of accelerated artificial ageing processes compared to the data obtained from the quarry samples, with a tendency towards darkness (↓L*), redness (↑a*) and much less intensity towards yellowing (↑b*).

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Measuring the Effectiveness and Durability of Silicified Sandstones and Conglomerates from Zamora, Spain Subject to Silico-organic Treatments and/or Freezing/Thawing Processes

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of Artificial Freeze/Thaw and Thermal Shock Ageing, Combined or Not with Salt Crystallisation on the Colour of Zamora Building Stones (Spain)

Effect of Artificial Freeze/Thaw and Thermal Shock Ageing, Combined or Not with Salt Crystallisation on the Colour of Zamora Building Stones (Spain)

Temperature Field Distribution and Numerical Simulation of Improved Freezing Scheme for Shafts in Loose and Soft Stratum

Application of three‐way mixed multivariate analysis of variance method to detect changes in chromatic coordinates (L, a, b*) in building granites

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Measuring the Effectiveness and Durability of Silicified Sandstones and Conglomerates from Zamora, Spain Subject to Silico-organic Treatments and/or Freezing/Thawing Processes

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of Artificial Freeze/Thaw and Thermal Shock Ageing, Combined or Not with Salt Crystallisation on the Colour of Zamora Building Stones (Spain)

Effect of Artificial Freeze/Thaw and Thermal Shock Ageing, Combined or Not with Salt Crystallisation on the Colour of Zamora Building Stones (Spain)

Temperature Field Distribution and Numerical Simulation of Improved Freezing Scheme for Shafts in Loose and Soft Stratum

Application of three‐way mixed multivariate analysis of variance method to detect changes in chromatic coordinates (L*, a*, b*) in building granites

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Product

Resources

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Application of three‐way mixed multivariate analysis of variance method to detect changes in chromatic coordinates (L, a, b*) in building granites