Measuring Shear Wave Velocity in Adult Skeletal Muscle with Ultrasound 2-D Shear Wave Elastography: A Scoping Review

Acoustic radiation force impulse shear wave elastography quantifies upper limb muscle in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

“…The advantages of using ARFI/SWE on quantifying SWVs of upper limbs in DMD patients include non-invasion [46] , no need for sedation [46] , quick [47] , good reliability [48] , applicability for comprehensively evaluating multiple limbs in a short time [47] , [48] , and easily accessible and for follow-up [47] , [48] . Our study demonstrated that ARFI/SWE on quantifying the upper limb muscle stiffness could be used as a biomarker from very early to an advanced stage in patients with DMD, which showed superiority to other muscle biomarkers, such as muscle biopsy was not obtainable during disease progression, ultrasound quantified higher calibrated backscatter has ceiling effect in older patients with DMD [49] .…”

“…Various technical factors should be considered pertaining to ARFI/SWE on muscle, and our study implemented a standard protocol by taking all considerations [48] , [50] . This involved ensuring precise patient positioning [48] , identifying anatomical landmarks [48] , and utilizing surface EMG to confirm muscle rest state [22] .…”

“…Various technical factors should be considered pertaining to ARFI/SWE on muscle, and our study implemented a standard protocol by taking all considerations [48] , [50] . This involved ensuring precise patient positioning [48] , identifying anatomical landmarks [48] , and utilizing surface EMG to confirm muscle rest state [22] . Meanwhile, skeletal muscle is anisotropic because of the arrangement of fibers, fascicles, myofibrils, and collagens, and shear wave travels faster along the direction of fibers [48] .…”

“…This involved ensuring precise patient positioning [48] , identifying anatomical landmarks [48] , and utilizing surface EMG to confirm muscle rest state [22] . Meanwhile, skeletal muscle is anisotropic because of the arrangement of fibers, fascicles, myofibrils, and collagens, and shear wave travels faster along the direction of fibers [48] . We aligned the transducer parallel to muscle fibers in the longitudinal plane to reduce the effects of anisotropy on shear wave propagation [22] , [51] .…”

Is musculoskeletal pain associated with increased muscle stiffness? Evidence map and critical appraisal of muscle measurements using shear wave elastography

“…Complementing the recommendations of Stiver et al (2023), the following quality criteria are suggested. (i) Measurements of muscle stiffness should be performed blinded to the group status of the participant in a strictly standardized manner.…”