Measuring Selection on Reaction Norms: An Exploration of the Eurosta-solidago System

Weis, Arthur E.; Gorman, Wendy L.

doi:10.2307/2409548

Cited by 80 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Kingsolver & Wiernasz, 1991;Ebert et al, 1993). Fewer studies have actually established the shape of reaction norms (Weiss & Gorman, 1990;Rawson & Hilbish, 1991;Windig, 1994;Holloway & Brakefield, 1995).…”

Section: Linearity Of the Reaction Normsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of phenotypic plasticity in adult abdominal colour pattern of Eristalis arbustorum (Diptera: Syrphidae)

1996

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The abdominal colour pattern of Eristalis arbustorum is a plastic character which is heavily influenced by developmental temperature. The present study investigated the form of the reaction norms of amount of abdominal yellow and intensity of the yellow (measured as grey value) on pupal development temperature. The slope of the reaction norm for amount of yellow was steeper in males than in females. The reaction norms for grey value on temperature were nonlinear. Family groups were reared to enable a consideration of the genetics to be made. There were significant family by environment interactions for both characters for both sexes indicating genetic variance for plasticity. Pupal development time is closely correlated with developmental temperature. The relationship between amount of yellow on the abdomen and log pupal development time was curvilinear and fitted a quadratic function well. There was significant among-family variation in the slopes of these lines for females, but not for males, again suggesting genetic variation for plasticity. The results are discussed in relation to the maintenance of genetic variation.

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Section: Linearity Of the Reaction Normsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of phenotypic plasticity in adult abdominal colour pattern of Eristalis arbustorum (Diptera: Syrphidae)

1996

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“…Westerman, 1970;Gupta & Lewontin, 1982;Via, 1984a;Shaw, 1986;Trexier & Travis, 1990;Weis & Gorman, 1990;Mazer & Schick, 1991;Via, 1991;Schmitt et at., 1992), available data clearly suggest a potential for phenotypic plasticity to evolve by natural selection (or genetic drift).…”

Section: Population Differentiation In Phenotypic Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this approach, different character states are regarded as (potentially) genetically correlated through the expression of the same alleles in different environments and no attempt is made to collapse the reaction norm into such statistics as the overall mean and the amount of response (cf. Lacey et a!., 1983;Schemer & Lyman, 1989b;Schlichting & Levin, 1990;Weis & Gorman, 1990). Along with measurements of selection within each environment (Lande & Arnold, 1983) and the frequency with which each environment is encountered by the population, estimates of rG can be used to predict how phenotypic plasticity will evolve in different systems, to determine whether local selection would promote genetic specialization to particular environments and to examine whether genotype by environment interaction contributes to the maintenance of additive genetic variation within a population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): genetic correlations across light regimens

Andersson

Shaw

1994

Heredity

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Inbred F3 and F4 families from a cross between two contrasting ecotypes of Crepis tectorum were replicated in two regimes in a glasshouse to determine whether genetic tradeoffs within the reaction norm favour genetic differentiation over phenotypic plasticity in this species. There was no tradeoff in reproductive fitness (flower production) across light regimes but genetic cross-environment correlations approached unity for a wide range of characters subject to divergent selection across habitats, suggesting little genetic variation in plasticity and a limited opportunity for selection to favour broadly adapted genotypes capable of attaining the optimum phenotype in every environment. The presence of genotype-environment interaction without large changes in the ranking of genotypes over light regimes indicates a greater potential for evolutionary change in environmental sensitivity although developmental constraints may limit the range of phenotypes that can be expressed in a character. A selection analysis was conducted to determine how the average reaction norm would evolve in this system. Whereas the relationship between each trait and reproductive fitness was environment-specific, there was no change in the direction of selection between light regimes. Given the genetic correlation structure observed, one would expect some of the genetic response in one environment to carry over to the other environment.

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“…In this respect, the norm of reaction is the function of the phenotype of the i-th genotype from conditions of the environment (De Jong, 1990;Weiss and Gorman, 1990;Chevin et al, 2010). Thus, the value of the phenotype of i-th genotype of the same j-s conditions of the environment expression (1) will look like:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is estimated that the reaction norms can be both linear and nonlinear. However, as a rule, the linear equations for norms of reaction are used in the models (Weiss and Gorman, 1990;Chevin et al, 2010). Besides, the symmetric form of the tolerance curve assumes linear norm of reaction of the adaptive trait: p j = k0+k1·e j .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Model of Fitness in a Heterogeneous Environment on Reaction Norms

Gerasymenko

2017

Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences.

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Wide modelling investigations in evolution and population genetics to a large extent have determined the understanding of genetic mechanisms of natural selection. Nevertheless, from the description of natural selection in the synthetic theory, the genetic models cannot be considered to be exhaustive, because the phenotype of the individual, the environment, and fitness remain beyond their frameworks. As per Schmalhausen, natural selection, i.e. survivability of the fittest, is a positive estimation of the phenotype. However, the phenotype reflects properties of a genotype in known conditions of development of the individual. Thus, together with phenotypes, the corresponding genotypes are selected. As a result, reproduction of some phenotypes-genotypes dominate and replace the others, resulting in changes of the population structure (Schmalhausen, 1968). In this conceptual model fitness plays crucial significance, and, only as a result of genotype differences by this characteristic, differentiated survival of individuals in generations is provided. However, in genetic models of natural selection that have been explained by the Hardy-Weinberg law, the phenotype of the individual and the environment are left beyond its framework. Consequently, the value of fitness is not the result of the algorithmic model, but the value arbitrarily assigned by the researcher to the genotype with the corresponding genetic formula, that finally defines the genetic structure of a theoretical population.There exist several models of fitness in heterogeneous conditions of the environment. Research in this area was introduced by Levins (1962). Later two types of models were developed: mechanistic model of ecological niche in which fitness is connected with functional traits of an organism (Crozier and Dwyer, 2006;Buckley, 2010;Kearney, 2010), and the models in which fitness is connected with the norm of reaction (Gavrilets and Scheiner, 1993;Gabriel, 2005;Chevin, 2010;Chevin, 2013). The proposed models differ both by the assumptions put in them and by the form and essence of the target algorithms characterising fitness. In this work, we develop a model of fitness of population genotypes on reaction norms in a heterogeneous environment in accordance with concepts of natural selection in evolution theory.The synthetic theory of evolution considers fitness as a result of the direct interaction of the phenotype with environmental conditions. Thus, fitness is expressed by the concordance of an organism's structure and functions to normal vital conditions surrounding it and reached by contrivance or adaptations, which always mean the quite specific design of the body (and an organism) in connection with the given conditions of the environment (Schmalhausen, 1968). Therefore, it is possible to speak about the functional interrelation of genotype fitness with the degree of conformity of PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 71 (2017), No. 4 (709)

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Measuring Selection on Reaction Norms: An Exploration of the Eurosta-solidago System

Cited by 80 publications

References 19 publications

The genetics of phenotypic plasticity in adult abdominal colour pattern of Eristalis arbustorum (Diptera: Syrphidae)

The genetics of phenotypic plasticity in adult abdominal colour pattern of Eristalis arbustorum (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Phenotypic plasticity in Crepis tectorum (Asteraceae): genetic correlations across light regimens

The Model of Fitness in a Heterogeneous Environment on Reaction Norms

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