Measuring Retinal Function in the Mouse

Kremers, Jan; Tanimoto, Naoyuki

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7720-8_2

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…We used the electroretinogram to measure retinal function of wild-type and P23H-3 rats (n ≥ 10) at P18, P30, P60, and P90, as described previously (Jobling et al, 2013;Vessey et al, 2015;Von Eisenhart-Rothe et al, 2018). There are a number of different ways of using the electroretinogram to measure rod and cone mediated responses (Kremers and Tanimoto, 2018). We used a paired flash paradigm to assess rod and cone mediated responses; the first light stimulus elicits a mixed rod and cone mediated waveform, whereas the second light stimulus elicits a cone-only response.…”

Section: Retinal Function Using Electroretinographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoreceptor Degeneration in Pro23His Transgenic Rats (Line 3) Involves Autophagic and Necroptotic Mechanisms

et al. 2020

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Photoreceptor death contributes to 50% of irreversible vision loss in the western world. Pro23His (P23H) transgenic albino rat strains are widely used models for the most common rhodopsin gene mutation associated with the autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa. However, the mechanism(s) by which photoreceptor death occurs are not well understood and were the principal aim of this study. We first used electroretinogram recording and optical coherence tomography to confirm the time course of functional and structural loss. Electroretinogram analyses revealed significantly decreased rod photoreceptor (a-wave), bipolar cell (b-wave) and amacrine cell responses (oscillatory potentials) from P30 onward. The cone-mediated b-wave was also decreased from P30. TUNEL analysis showed extensive cell death at P18, with continued labeling detected until P30. Focused gene expression arrays indicated activation of, apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis in whole retina from P14-18. However, analysis of mitochondrial permeability changes (m) using JC-1 dye, combined with immunofluorescence markers for caspase-dependent (cleaved caspase-3) and caspase-independent (AIF) cell death pathways, indicated mitochondrialmediated cell death was not a major contributor to photoreceptor death. By contrast, reverse-phase protein array data combined with RIPK3 and phospho-MLKL immunofluorescence indicated widespread necroptosis as the predominant mechanism of photoreceptor death. These findings highlight the complexity of mechanisms involved in photoreceptor death in the Pro23His rat model of degeneration and suggest therapies that target necroptosis should be considered for their potential to reduce photoreceptor death.

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Section: Retinal Function Using Electroretinographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoreceptor Degeneration in Pro23His Transgenic Rats (Line 3) Involves Autophagic and Necroptotic Mechanisms

et al. 2020

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“…The present study sought to further define visual phenotypes in this model. We used recording of the electroretinogram (ERG) to probe retinal function 30 , 31 , and optokinetic responses (OKR) to assess not only retinal, but also in part post-retinal processing 32 – 35 . Both tests were performed under both scotopic (rod-dominated) and photopic (cone-dominated) conditions, in order to probe preferentially rod- versus cone-driven pathways.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical visual processing in a mouse model of autism

Cheng

Pagtalunan

Abushaibah

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Human social cognition relies heavily on the processing of various visual cues, such as eye contact and facial expressions. Atypical visual perception and integration have been recognized as key phenotypes in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and may potentially contribute to impediments in normal social development, a hallmark of ASD. Meanwhile, increasing studies on visual function in ASD have pointed to detail-oriented perception, which has been hypothesized to result from heightened response to information of high spatial frequency. However, mixed results of human studies have led to much debate, and investigations using animal models have been limited. Here, using BtBR mice as a model of idiopathic ASD, we assessed retinal stimulus processing by full-field electroretinogram and found impaired photoreceptor function and retinabased alterations mostly in the cone pathway. Using the optokinetic reflex to evaluate visual function, we observed robustly enhanced visual response to finer spatial details and more subtle contrasts at only higher spatial frequencies in the BtBR mice, under both photopic and scotopic conditions. These behavioral results, which are similar to findings in a subset of ASD patients, indicate a bias toward processing information of high spatial frequencies. Together, these findings also suggest that, while enhancement of visual behaviors under both photopic and scotopic conditions might be due to alterations in visual processing common to both rod and cone pathways, these mechanisms are probably downstream of photoreceptor function.

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“…In terms of visual function, we performed electrophysiological tests on the day after sonication by using full-field and flicker ERGs providing an insight into the physiology and integrity of the retina [ 31 ] by discriminating the differential functions of photoreceptors (rods and cones) and bipolar cells. We did not observe any difference in the scotopic or photopic responses compared to the control contralateral eyes, supporting the functional safety of sonication at 0.15 MPa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound-Induced Blood–Retinal Barrier Opening in Mice

et al. 2023

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Systemic drugs can treat various retinal pathologies such as retinal cancers; however, their ocular diffusion may be limited by the blood–retina barrier (BRB). Sonication corresponds to the use of ultrasound (US) to increase the permeability of cell barriers including in the BRB. The objective was to study the efficacy and safety of sonication using microbubble-assisted low-intensity pulsed US in inducing a transient opening of the BRB. The eyes of C57/BL6J mice were sonicated at different acoustic pressures (0.10 to 0.50 MPa). Efficacy analyses consisted of fluorescein angiography (FA) performed at different timepoints and the size of the leaked molecules was assessed using FITC-marked dextrans. Tolerance was assessed by fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and electroretinograms. Sonication at 0.15 MPa was the most suitable pressure for transient BRB permeabilization without altering the morphology or function of the retina. It did not increase the expression of inflammation or apoptosis markers in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, or choroid. The dextran assay suggested that drugs up to 150 kDa in size can cross the BRB. Microbubble-assisted sonication at an optimized acoustic pressure of 0.15 MPa provides a non-invasive method to transiently open the BRB, increasing the retinal diffusion of systemic drugs without inducing any noticeable side-effect.

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Measuring Retinal Function in the Mouse

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

Photoreceptor Degeneration in Pro23His Transgenic Rats (Line 3) Involves Autophagic and Necroptotic Mechanisms

Photoreceptor Degeneration in Pro23His Transgenic Rats (Line 3) Involves Autophagic and Necroptotic Mechanisms

Atypical visual processing in a mouse model of autism

Efficacy and Safety of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound-Induced Blood–Retinal Barrier Opening in Mice

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