Measuring retinal contributions to the optical Stiles-Crawford effect with optical coherence tomography

Gao, Weihua; Cense, Barry; Zhang, Yan; Jonnal, Ravi S.; Miller, Donald T.

doi:10.1364/oe.16.006486

Cited by 119 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It is well known that the cones have relatively narrow angular reflectance functions, returning much more of the incident light towards a point near the center of the pupil than towards points farther away from the center. This phenomenon is closely related to the Stiles-Crawford effect [9,[27][28][29], which describes the variation in the visual effectiveness of light entering through different locations in the pupil. In this study, we used a commercial AO flood-illuminated camera; with the method developed for processing of these images, which is largely automated, it is possible to establish an analysis routine that can be applied in clinics as part of a research procedure for assessing the health of the cone mosaic in patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigation of the cone reflectance in different retinal areas and over long time periods using an AO flood illumination camera is therefore lacking in the literature. It has already been observed that the position of the light source in an AO flood illumination system has an influence on the reflectance of the cone mosaic [9,24,[27][28][29], and this property has been used to study the angular tuning of single cones [15,28,30]. As the performance of the most commonly used cone detection algorithms depends on the quality of the images to which they are applied [31], it is also possible that the position of the light source itself affects not only the reflectance of the cones but also their detection and the subsequent estimation of the mosaic metrics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Mariotti¹,

Devaney²,

Lombardo³

et al. 2016

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Abstract:Although there is increasing interest in the investigation of cone reflectance variability, little is understood about its characteristics over long time scales. Cone detection and its automation is now becoming a fundamental step in the assessment and monitoring of the health of the retina and in the understanding of the photoreceptor physiology. In this work we provide an insight into the cone reflectance variability over time scales ranging from minutes to three years on the same eye, and for large areas of the retina (≥ 2.0 × 2.0 degrees) at two different retinal eccentricities using a commercial adaptive optics (AO) flood illumination retinal camera. We observed that the difference in reflectance observed in the cones increases with the time separation between the data acquisitions and this may have a negative impact on algorithms attempting to track cones over time. In addition, we determined that displacements of the light source within 0.35 mm of the pupil center, which is the farthest location from the pupil center used by operators of the AO camera to acquire high-quality images of the cone mosaic in clinical studies, does not significantly affect the cone detection and density estimation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Mariotti¹,

Devaney²,

Lombardo³

et al. 2016

Biomed. Opt. Express

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“…This outcome may be explained by StilesCrawford effect that points out the directional sensitivity of the cone receptors. [15][16][17] The visual system has reduced sensitivity to light rays that are not concordant with the direction of the photoreceptors. [15][16][17] It was reported that when the integrity and orientation of the photoreceptors is disturbed by edema or traction, directional light sensitivity of the cones decline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15][16][17] The visual system has reduced sensitivity to light rays that are not concordant with the direction of the photoreceptors. [15][16][17] It was reported that when the integrity and orientation of the photoreceptors is disturbed by edema or traction, directional light sensitivity of the cones decline. 16,18 According to us, since the foveal architecture was improved postoperatively, the directional sensitivity of the photoreceptors increased, and the visual acuity gain occurred in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of photoreceptor outer segment length in diabetic and idiopathic epiretinal membranes

Yüksel

Karaküçük

Özkaya

et al. 2015

Eye

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Purpose Idiopathic and diabetic epiretinal membranes (ERMs) differ significantly in terms of macular morphology. Our aim was to compare the photoreceptor outer segment (PROS) length in diabetic and idiopathic ERMs before and after surgery. Methods Fifty-two eyes of 50 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) due to idiopathic and diabetic ERMs were included in this retrospective case series. All of the patients underwent ERM and internal limiting membrane (ILM) removal. The patients had been followed up 6 months postoperatively. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure the PROS length, overall PR length and central foveal thickness (CFT). Results The PROS length, overall PR length, and CFT were statistically significantly lower at all the postoperative visits when compared to preoperative values in both the idiopathic and diabetic ERM groups (Po0.001). The amount of decrease in PROS and overall PR length were similar in both groups after surgery (P40.05). There was no relation between amount of PROS length change and visual acuity gain in both groups (P40.05). Conclusions Postoperative change of PROS length was similar in idiopathic and diabetic ERMs. PROS length change may not be an indicator of postoperative visual acuity.

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“…6 with constant PMT gain, we recorded the mean relative photoreceptor intensity values presented in Table 5 below, that suggest an SCE described by lower ρ values than those published in the literature. This could be explained by the fact that the AOSLO images are focused on the reflections from the inner-outer segment interface, which according to the work by Gao et al [49] are less directional than those from the posterior surface of the photoreceptor outer segments. As a consequence of the difference in SCE between rods and cones, the ratio of cone to rod signal decreases as ε increases (see Table 6 ).…”

Section: Photoreceptor Mosaic At 10° Temporalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy with annular pupils

Sulai

Dubra

2012

Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII

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Annular apodization of the illumination and/or imaging pupils of an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) for improving transverse resolution was evaluated using three different normalized inner radii (0.26, 0.39 and 0.52). In vivo imaging of the human photoreceptor mosaic at 0.5 and 10° from fixation indicates that the use of an annular illumination pupil and a circular imaging pupil provides the most benefit of all configurations when using a one Airy disk diameter pinhole, in agreement with the paraxial confocal microscopy theory. Annular illumination pupils with 0.26 and 0.39 normalized inner radii performed best in terms of the narrowing of the autocorrelation central lobe (between 7 and 12%), and the increase in manual and automated photoreceptor counts (8 to 20% more cones and 11 to 29% more rods). It was observed that the use of annular pupils with large inner radii can result in multi-modal cone photoreceptor intensity profiles. The effect of the annular masks on the average photoreceptor intensity is consistent with the Stiles-Crawford effect (SCE). This indicates that combinations of images of the same photoreceptors with different apodization configurations and/or annular masks can be used to distinguish cones from rods, even when the former have complex multi-modal intensity profiles. In addition to narrowing the point spread function transversally, the use of annular apodizing masks also elongates it axially, a fact that can be used for extending the depth of focus of techniques such as adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AOOCT). Finally, the positive results from this work suggest that annular pupil apodization could be used in refractive or catadioptric adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes to mitigate undesired back-reflections.

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Measuring retinal contributions to the optical Stiles-Crawford effect with optical coherence tomography

Cited by 119 publications

References 37 publications

Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years

Comparison of photoreceptor outer segment length in diabetic and idiopathic epiretinal membranes

Adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy with annular pupils

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