Measuring respiration rates in marine fish larvae: challenges and advances

Peck, Myron A.; Moyano, Marta

doi:10.1111/jfb.12810

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(185 reference statements)

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“…Some of these recommendations, especially those dealing with the duration of the fasting period and of experiments, do not apply to fish larvae due to their high metabolic requirements (Peck & Moyano, ). New technologies are making it possible to measure Ṁ O 2 in the field.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The determination of standard metabolic rate in fishes

Chabot

Steffensen

Farrell³

2016

Journal of Fish Biology

498

536

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This review and data analysis outline how fish biologists should most reliably estimate the minimal amount of oxygen needed by a fish to support its aerobic metabolic rate (termed standard metabolic rate; SMR). By reviewing key literature, it explains the theory, terminology and challenges underlying SMR measurements in fishes, which are almost always made using respirometry (which measures oxygen uptake,ṀO 2 ). Then, the practical difficulties of measuring SMR when activity of the fish is not quantitatively evaluated are comprehensively explored using 85 examples ofṀO 2 data from different fishes and one crustacean, an analysis that goes well beyond any previous attempt. The main objective was to compare eight methods to estimate SMR. The methods were: average of the lowest 10 values (low10) and average of the 10% lowestṀO 2 values, after removing the five lowest ones as outliers (low10%), mean of the lowest normal distribution (MLND) and quantiles that assign from 10 to 30% of the data below SMR (q 0⋅1 , q 0⋅15 , q 0⋅2 , q 0⋅25 and q 0⋅3 ). The eight methods yielded significantly different SMR estimates, as expected. While the differences were small when the variability was low amongst theṀO 2 values, they were important (>20%) for several cases. The degree of agreement between the methods was related to the c.v. of the observations that were classified into the lowest normal distribution, the c.v. MLND (C.V. MLND ). When this indicator was low (≤5⋅4), it was advantageous to use the MLND, otherwise, one of the q 0⋅2 or q 0⋅25 should be used. The second objective was to assess if the data recorded during the initial recovery period in the respirometer should be included or excluded, and the recommendation is to exclude them. The final objective was to determine the minimal duration of experiments aiming to estimate SMR. The results show that 12 h is insufficient but 24 h is adequate. A list of basic recommendations for practitioners who use respirometry to measure SMR in fishes is provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larval fishes of many species are always active and fast growing and cannot be fasted for long periods. It is preferable to report RMR (Bochdansky & Leggett, ; Moran & Wells, ; Peck & Moyano, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The determination of standard metabolic rate in fishes

Chabot

Steffensen

Farrell³

2016

Journal of Fish Biology

498

536

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“…MO 2 is influenced by various factors such as body mass, temperature, food intake, physiological state, activity level, and anabolism. The three fundamental metabolic variables are standard metabolic rate (SMR) [16], maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic metabolic scope (AS) [17]. SMR and MMR are usually calculated using measurements of oxygen consumption rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Exposure to Key Aquaculture Environmental Stressors Impaired the Aerobic Metabolism of Carassius auratus gibelio

Yao

Zhang

Lai

et al. 2020

Biology

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Carassius auratus gibelio is an omnivore favored for its flavor and is commonly used as a benthic species in traditional pond polyculture. This study investigated the effects of common aquaculture stressors, such as high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia on the aerobic metabolism of C. auratus gibelio. The results showed that the standard metabolic rate (SMR) was positively correlated with ammonia, nitrite, and pH, while the maximum metabolic rate (MMR) was negatively correlated with all four stressors. Thus, aerobic scope (AS) was reduced when C. auratus gibelio was exposed to high ammonia, high nitrite, high pH, and hypoxia. The peak of post-prandial O 2 consumption was positively correlated with nitrite, pH, and the occurrence of the peak metabolic rate post-prandial was delayed in high ammonia, high nitrite, hypoxia, and high pH conditions. These findings indicated that, in experimental conditions, exposure to these environmental stressors can influence aerobic metabolism in C. auratus gibelio. With more energy required to maintain standard metabolic rates, less will be available for growth. While the C. auratus gibelio is one of the most hypoxia tolerance species, the reduction we observed in AS caused by stressors that commonly occur in ponds and in nature will likely affect growth in ponds and fitness in nature. These data have provided insight into the optimal, fitness-maximizing thresholds for these common stressors in this species of interest.

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“…Yet, relatively few studies have investigated the morphological and physiological transitions to air breathing in larval air breathing fishes (Ahmad and Hasnain ; Blank and Burggren ; Brauner and Rombough ; Burggren ; Islam ; Liem ; Mendez‐Sanchez and Burggren ; Terjesen et al. ) or, indeed, any tropical species (Peck and Moyano ). Only a few of those studies have considered how hypoxia affects the aquatic larva during this morphological, behavioral, and physiological transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In air-breathing fishes, an initial period of aquatic respiration using a combination of gills and an air-breathing organ occurs prior to the functional development of both ventilated and perfused air-breathing organ and the associated onset of air breathing. Yet, relatively few studies have investigated the morphological and physiological transitions to air breathing in larval air breathing fishes (Ahmad and Hasnain 2005;Blank and Burggren 2014;Brauner and Rombough 2012;Burggren 1979;Islam 2005;Liem 1981;Mendez-Sanchez and Burggren 2014;Terjesen et al 2001) or, indeed, any tropical species (Peck and Moyano 2016). Only a few of those studies have considered how hypoxia affects the aquatic larva during this morphological, behavioral, and physiological transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory physiological phenotypic plasticity in developing air‐breathing anabantid fishes ( Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus )

Méndez-Sánchez

Burggren

2017

Physiol Rep

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Developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology in response to chronic hypoxia is poorly understood in larval fishes, especially larval air‐breathing fishes, which eventually in their development can at least partially “escape” hypoxia through air breathing. Whether the development air breathing makes these larval fishes less or more developmentally plastic than strictly water breathing larval fishes remains unknown. Consequently, developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology was determined in two air‐breathing anabantid fishes (Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Larvae of both species experienced an hypoxic exposure that mimicked their natural environmental conditions, namely chronic nocturnal hypoxia (12 h at 17 kPa or 14 kPa), with a daily return to diurnal normoxia. Chronic hypoxic exposures were made from hatching through 35 days postfertilization, and opercular and heart rates measured as development progressed. Opercular and heart rates in normoxia were not affected by chronic nocturnal hypoxic. However, routine oxygen consumption M˙normalO2 (~4 μmol·O2/g per hour in normoxia in larval Betta) was significantly elevated by chronic nocturnal hypoxia at 17 kPa but not by more severe (14 kPa) nocturnal hypoxia. Routine M˙normalO2 in Trichopodus (6–7 μmol·O2/g per hour), significantly higher than in Betta, was unaffected by either level of chronic hypoxia. P Crit, the PO2 at which M˙normalO2 decreases as ambient PO2 falls, was measured at 35 dpf, and decreased with increasing chronic hypoxia in Betta, indicating a large, relatively plastic hypoxic tolerance. However, in contrast, P Crit in Trichopodus increased as rearing conditions grew more hypoxic, suggesting that hypoxic acclimation led to lowered hypoxic resistance. Species‐specific differences in larval physiological developmental plasticity thus emerge between the relatively closely related Betta and Trichopodus. Hypoxic rearing increased hypoxic tolerance in Betta, which inhabits temporary ponds with nocturnal hypoxia. Trichopodus, inhabiting more permanent oxygenated bodies of water, showed few responses to hypoxia, reflecting a lower degree of developmental phenotypic plasticity.

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Measuring respiration rates in marine fish larvae: challenges and advances

Cited by 55 publications

References 89 publications

The determination of standard metabolic rate in fishes

The determination of standard metabolic rate in fishes

Acute Exposure to Key Aquaculture Environmental Stressors Impaired the Aerobic Metabolism of Carassius auratus gibelio

Cardiorespiratory physiological phenotypic plasticity in developing air‐breathing anabantid fishes ( Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus )

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