Measuring Photosynthesis in Symbiotic Invertebrates: A Review of Methodologies, Rates and Processes

Osinga, Ronald; Iglesias-Prieto, Roberto; Enríquez, Susana

doi:10.5772/29339

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Quantifying photosynthesis under different light fields, generally referred to as photosynthesis to irradiance (P/E) curves, describes the dynamics of photosynthesis. From these data, the light compensation point (where photosynthesis and respiration are equal), photosynthetic efficiency (the slope under light-limiting conditions), saturating irradiance, and the photosynthetic maximum can be determined (see diagram in Osinga et al, 2012 ). Photoacclimation of eight phylotypes of cultured Symbiodinium under two growth irradiances provide evidence for highly variable bio-physical and bio-optical measurements ( Hennige et al, 2009 ).…”

Section: Photobiology Of Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

The engine of the reef: photobiology of the coralâ€“algal symbiosis

Roth¹

2014

Front. Microbiol.

258

227

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Coral reef ecosystems thrive in tropical oligotrophic oceans because of the relationship between corals and endosymbiotic dinoflagellate algae called Symbiodinium. Symbiodinium convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into organic carbon and oxygen to fuel coral growth and calcification, creating habitat for these diverse and productive ecosystems. Light is thus a key regulating factor shaping the productivity, physiology, and ecology of the coral holobiont. Similar to all oxygenic photoautotrophs, Symbiodinium must safely harvest sunlight for photosynthesis and dissipate excess energy to prevent oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is caused by environmental stressors such as those associated with global climate change, and ultimately leads to breakdown of the coral–algal symbiosis known as coral bleaching. Recently, large-scale coral bleaching events have become pervasive and frequent threatening and endangering coral reefs. Because the coral–algal symbiosis is the biological engine producing the reef, the future of coral reef ecosystems depends on the ecophysiology of the symbiosis. This review examines the photobiology of the coral–algal symbiosis with particular focus on the photophysiological responses and timescales of corals and Symbiodinium. Additionally, this review summarizes the light environment and its dynamics, the vulnerability of the symbiosis to oxidative stress, the abiotic and biotic factors influencing photosynthesis, the diversity of the coral–algal symbiosis, and recent advances in the field. Studies integrating physiology with the developing “omics” fields will provide new insights into the coral–algal symbiosis. Greater physiological and ecological understanding of the coral–algal symbiosis is needed for protection and conservation of coral reefs.

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Section: Photobiology Of Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

The engine of the reef: photobiology of the coralâ€“algal symbiosis

Roth¹

2014

Front. Microbiol.

258

227

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“…They describe that F 0 /F m , (dV/dt) 0 and VJ refer to the structure and function of PSII while V I , t Fmax and S m concern the activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) beyond Q A . Among parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence, the maximum PSII efficiency, as given by F v /F m in dark-adapted leaves is more often used in research (Su et al, 2015) probably because it is more frequently used and commonly available from early pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorimeters (Osinga et al, 2012). The ratio-metric normalization of F v /F m also facilitates ease of results interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal Efficiency of PSII as a Marker of Sorghum Development Fertilized With Waste From a Biomass Biodigestion to Methane

2019

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The aim of experiments was to investigate a maximal efficiency of PSII, as a marker indicating growth, vigor, energetic value and physiological activity of sorghum fertilized with wastes from a biomass biodigestion to methane in a distillery integrated with a biogas plant using corn grains as substrate. The sorghum plants grown outdoor in different climate and in pots and in field were fertilized with different doses of the waste or Apol-humus – a soil improver and Stymjod – a nano-organic-mineral fertilizer. The maximal efficiency of PSII, in comparison with plant growth and health, chlorophyll content, gas exchange, activity of selected enzymes, element content in leaves and energetic value were studied. The wastes applied to soil resulted in increased maximal efficiency of PSII and the doses of 30 m3 ha-1 and 40–50 m3 ha-1 of the non-centrifuged and centrifuged ones, respectively, were most efficient. This enhancement was associated with the increased kinetics of plant growth, their health, fresh and dry biomass and physiological activity of plants as evidenced by activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, RNase and dehydrogenase, as well as by gas exchange: net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and index of chlorophyll content in leaves. The fertilization with Apol-humus and Stymjod additionally increased maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII and plant development, biomass yield and physiological activity. The results indicate that waste from a biomass biodigestion to methane can be used as a natural fertilizer in sorghum crops and this ensures their recycling and environmental protection. The measurement values of maximal efficiency of PSII were proportionally to the vigor, growth and physiological activity of the plants. The obtained results indicate that the maximal efficiency of PSII in sorghum plants is a non-destructive method for defining the degree of growth and may be used as a marker of plant vigor and health, development and physiological activity expressed by gas exchange and activity of selected enzymes.

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“…Given the importance of Symbiodinium photosynthesis for coral health, coral photosynthesis has been studied intensively from molecular to environmental scales (Falkowski et al, 1990;Dubinsky and Falkowski, 2011). Coral photosynthesis can be studied with techniques quantifying photosynthetic O 2 production or carbon fixation (Kühl et al, 1995;Hoogenboom et al, 2012;Osinga et al, 2012), but photophysiological measurements based on variable chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence are now widely used in coral research and many other areas of terrestrial and aquatic photosynthesis research (Warner et al, 1996(Warner et al, , 2010Szabó et al, 2014). In contrast to gas exchange or C-fixation measurements that require significant sample handling, variable Chl fluorescence relies on optical light pulsing schemes that are applied externally with minimal sample manipulation or directly in the natural habitat, and a variety of commercial instruments for cuvette-based, fiber-optic or imaging measurements are available (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%