Measuring normal hand dexterity values in normal 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children and their relationship with grip and pinch strength

Systematic Review and Proposal of a Field-Based Physical Fitness-Test Battery in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Battery

“…During our search we identified a number of studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria or did not study reliability, validity or relationship with health of fitness tests, but used the handgrip-strength [43][44][45][46][47][48] and standing longjump tests [41,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] for measuring musculoskeletal fitness, different versions of the shuttle-run test for measuring speed/agility [30,41,49,51,[55][56][57], or the one-leg-stance test (different versions) for measuring balance [41,53,55,58,59] in preschool children. No problems were reported during testing sessions.…”

“…For instance, the range of measurement of the digital model of the TKK dynamometer (model 5401) is 5-100 kg, which could be a problem when used in preschool children according to normative values published [43,47,48,68] since some of the children (specially 3-year-old children) have a handgrip strength lower than 5 kg. In this regard, other dynamometers such as the analog model of the TKK dynamometer (model 5001) or the Jamar (both digital and non-digital versions), which measure from 0 to 100 kg and 90 kg, respectively, are recommended for this age group.…”

“…Handgrip-strength test Our previous research suggests that the TKK dynamometer is objectively (using known weights) more reliable and valid than the Jamar and DynEx dynamometers [65]; it is therefore recommended Additionally, we recommend use of the non-digital version (model 5001) of the TKK dynamometer since the digital version (model 5104) measures from 5 to 100 kg, and previous literature [43,47,48,68] has shown that some preschool children have a performance in handgrip-strength test lower than 5 kg. The non-digital version is preferable since it measures from 0 to 100 kg Standing long-jump test No special considerations 4 9 10 m shuttle-run test…”

Relação entre os desempenhos em diferentes testes frequentemente utilizados na avaliação da função manual

“…Mais uma vez, a FP Max parece não apresentar qualquer relação com tarefas manipulativas que exigem destreza e controle ino dos movimentos dos dedos, não sendo, portanto, uma medida de força que explique todos os aspectos da FM. De fato, tarefas que exigem maior destreza, como o teste dos 9-PnB, requerem apenas uma aplicação pequena de força de preensão entre os dedos indicador e polegar (11,30). Possivelmente, muito mais importante do que a capacidade de o indivíduo gerar força máxima é a capacidade de controlar a magnitude da força de preensão ao longo de tarefas manipulativas (2,3).…”

A possible anatomical and biomechanical explanation of the 10% rule used in the clinical assessment of prehensile hand movements and handed dominance

“…This may partly explain trends found in the literature (Provins and Cunliffe, 1972a,b) reporting that the grip strength test is likely to be unreliable when assessing lateralization. However it partially challenges the notion that grip or pinch strength is not or only weakly lateralized (Borod et al, 1984;Gutnik, 1990;Bohannon, 1997a,b;Hanten et al, 1999;Incel et al, 2002;Lee-Valkov et al, 2003;Yim et al, 2003;McDonnell et al, 2005;Rajan et al, 2005). Recent work by (Incel et al, 2002) supports the ''10%" rule, reporting that 10.93% of their right-handed subjects possessed equal or higher grip and pinch scores in the isometric strength grip and strength pinch tests from the left hand.…”