Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Fagerström, Karl; Schneider, Nina

doi:10.1007/bf00846549

Cited by 1,465 publications

(909 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…38 Based on previous studies of the Finnish Twin Cohort, heritability estimates for smoking-related traits in Finland are similar to those reported for other Caucasian populations. 39,40 The smoker phenotype yielded the highest linkage scores in this study (10q25, D10S597, NPL 3.35, LOD 3.12), less than 5 Mb apart from a previously reported linkage locus for the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire-(an earlier version of FTND) 41,42 based ND in 130 New Zealand families ascertained for ND, 10 and 37 Mb apart from a locus for smoking quantity recently identified in an AfricanAmerican population. 13 As the flanking markers yielded unsubstantial two-point NPL scores, the multipoint NPL curve remains flat.…”

Section: Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Loci In Finnish Twinsmentioning

confidence: 47%

Linkage of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior on 10q, 7q and 11p in twins with homogeneous genetic background

et al. 2007

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The significant worldwide health burden introduced by tobacco smoking highlights the importance of studying the genetic determinants of smoking behavior and the key factor sustaining compulsive smoking, that is, nicotine dependence (ND). We have here addressed the genetic background of smoking in a special study sample of twins, harmonized for early life events and specifically ascertained for smoking from the nationwide twin cohort of the genetically unique population of Finland. The twins and their families were carefully examined for extensive phenotype profiles and a genomewide scan was performed to identify loci behind the smoking status, ND and the comorbid phenotype of ND and alcohol use in 505 individuals from 153 families. We replicated previous linkage findings on 10q (max logarithm of the odds (LOD) 3.12) for a smoker phenotype, and on 7q and 11p (max LOD 2.50, and 2.25, respectively) for the ND phenotype. The loci linked for ND also showed evidence for linkage for the comorbid phenotype. Our study provides confirmatory evidence for the involvement of these genome regions in the genetic etiology of smoking behavior and ND and for the first time associates drinking and smoking to a shared locus on 10q.

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Section: Nicotine Dependence and Smoking Loci In Finnish Twinsmentioning

confidence: 47%

Linkage of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior on 10q, 7q and 11p in twins with homogeneous genetic background

et al. 2007

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“…Scores ranged from 0 to 11, with higher values suggesting greater nicotine dependence. Correlations between the FTQ and measures of nicotine intake support the construct validity of the scale (Fagerstrom and Schneider 1989).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 66%

Influence of fluoxetine on positive and negative affect in a clinic-based smoking cessation trial

et al. 2004

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Rationale-Fluoxetine improves affect in clinical syndromes such as depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Little is known about fluoxetine's influence on mood changes after quitting smoking, which often resemble sub-clinical depression.Objectives-The present study, a re-analysis of previously published data , examined fluoxetine's effect on changes in negative and positive affect following quitting smoking.Methods-Adult smokers (n=175) without clinically significant depression were randomized on a double-blind basis to receive fluoxetine hydrochloride (30 or 60 mg daily) or placebo for 10 weeks in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation. We postulated that fluoxetine would beneficially influence post-cessation changes in positive and negative affect.Results-Mood change across treatment was analyzed using mixed linear modeling controlling for initial level of nicotine dependence, plasma fluoxetine metabolites, and change in cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) at each visit. Relative to placebo, those on 60 mg fluoxetine experienced an elevation in positive affect that increased across time [t(526) Conclusions-Results indicate that 60 mg of fluoxetine improves both positive and negative mood states after quitting smoking and that diminished positive affect may be an overlooked affective response to smoking cessation.

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Section: Subjects and Screening Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physical examination included a complete medical history, medical evaluation, and urine testing to verify absence of psychoactive substance use other than nicotine. Severity of nicotine dependence was determined from a laboratory-developed Smoking History Questionnaire (SHQ) that included a modified Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Fagerstrom and Schneider, 1989).Subjects with an abnormal structural MRI, history of head trauma or injury causing loss of consciousness lasting more than 3 min or associated with skull fracture or inter-cranial bleeding were excluded. For safety reasons and owing to the magnetic environment of the MRI, smokers with magnetically active prosthetics, plates, pins, permanent retainers, or bullets were also excluded.…”

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confidence: 99%

Limbic Activation to Cigarette Smoking Cues Independent of Nicotine Withdrawal: A Perfusion fMRI Study

Franklin

wang

Wang

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

327

282

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Exposure to cigarette smoking cues can trigger physiological arousal and desire to smoke. The brain substrates of smoking cue-induced craving (CIC) are beginning to be elucidated; however, it has been difficult to study this state independent of the potential contributions of pharmacological withdrawal from nicotine. Pharmacological withdrawal itself may have substantial effects on brain activation to cues, either by obscuring or enhancing it, and as CIC is not reduced by nicotine replacement strategies, its neuro-anatomical substrates may differ. Thus, characterizing CIC is critical for developing effective interventions. This study used arterial spin-labeled (ASL) perfusion fMRI, and newly developed and highly appetitive, explicit smoking stimuli, to examine neural activity to cigarette CIC in an original experimental design that strongly minimizes contributions from pharmacological withdrawal. Twenty-one smokers (12 females) completed smoking and nonsmoking cue fMRI sessions. Craving self-reports were collected before and after each session. SPM2 software was employed to analyze data. Blood flow (perfusion) in a priori-selected regions was greater during exposure to smoking stimuli compared to nonsmoking stimuli (po0.01; corrected) in ventral striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, medial thalamus, and left insula. Perfusion positively correlated with intensity of cigarette CIC in both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r 2 ¼ 0.54) and posterior cingulate (r 2 ¼ 0.53). This pattern of activation that includes the ventral striatum, a critical reward substrate, and the interconnected amygdala, cingulate and OFC, is consistent with decades of animal research on the neural correlates of conditioned drug reward. Keywords: cigarette smoking; craving; neuroimaging; ventral striatum; amygdala; DLPFC INTRODUCTION RationaleBoth nicotine and conditioned cues (reminders) maintain cigarette smoking and lead to relapse (Henningfield and Goldberg, 1983;Rose, 2006). Thus, effective smoking cessation treatments should address both factors. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion are both effective at ameliorating nicotine withdrawal-induced craving, but neither block the craving elicited by learned associations formed between environmental cues and nicotine (Teneggi and Tiffany, 2002;Robinson and Berridge, 1993;Wise, 1988;Hughes et al, 1999;Hurt et al, 1997;Jorenby et al, 1999). Currently, medications that unequivocally prevent or reduce cue-induced craving (CIC) are not available. Further understanding of the underlying neurobiology of CIC would facilitate the development of effective therapies and improve the currently low (10-20% at 6 months to a year) success rates associated with current smoking interventions West et al, 2001). Thus, a major goal of this work is to examine the element of neurobiology underlying CIC distinct from that observed in CIC studies associated with nicotine withdrawal.Craving generated by drug cues may accrue slowly over time, recruiting supplementary neural substrates as...

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Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire

Cited by 1,465 publications

References 39 publications

Linkage of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior on 10q, 7q and 11p in twins with homogeneous genetic background

Linkage of nicotine dependence and smoking behavior on 10q, 7q and 11p in twins with homogeneous genetic background

Influence of fluoxetine on positive and negative affect in a clinic-based smoking cessation trial

Limbic Activation to Cigarette Smoking Cues Independent of Nicotine Withdrawal: A Perfusion fMRI Study

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