Measuring Military Effectiveness: Calculating Casualty Loss-Exchange Ratios for Multilateral Wars, 1816–1990

Cochran, Kathryn McNabb; Long, Stephen B.

doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1273914

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This supralinear trend showing increase in both absolute numbers and proportions of casualties to war group size is unexpected. The supralinear increase in conflict casualties (C) and proportions of casualties with respect to war groups (C/W) in any individual conflict might be caused by increased CL because of more effective weaponry ( 16 , 24 , 25 ). A more likely explanation is that, in large societies with established public infrastructure, high numbers of noncombatant deaths might arise because of postconflict infrastructure collapse after revenue depletion, diversion of resources to conflict efforts, and targeted annihilation of enemy groups that might include civilians and noncombatants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population is the main driver of war group size and conflict casualties

Oka

Kissel

Golitko

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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SignificanceRecent views on violence emphasize the decline in proportions of war groups and casualties to populations over time and conclude that past small-scale societies were more violent than contemporary states. In this paper, we argue that these trends are better explained through scaling relationships between population and war group size and between war group size and conflict casualties. We test these relationships and develop measures of conflict investment and lethality that are applicable to societies across space and time. When scaling is accounted for, we find no difference in conflict investment or lethality between small-scale and state societies. Given the lack of population data for past societies, we caution against using archaeological cases of episodic conflicts to measure past violence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population is the main driver of war group size and conflict casualties

Oka

Kissel

Golitko

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The Loss Exchange Ratio Dataset or Richmond War Casualties Project records directed casualties data from all interstate wars between 1816 and 1990 (McNabb Cochran and Long 2017). The data is constructed from individual battles but multiple entries are recorded for individual battles and battle locations are not recorded.…”

Section: Previous Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conflict Events Worldwide Since 1468BC: Introducing the Historical Conflict Event Dataset

Miller

Bakar

2022

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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Quantitative datasets of international conflict skew temporally to modern times and geographically and culturally to the West. Yet post–1815 conflicts featuring Western actors are only a small part of the history of warfare. Many scholars have bemoaned the potential selection bias which this introduces to studies of the causes and effects of military conflict, but as yet quantitative datasets which remedy both these temporal and geographic shortcomings have been lacking. Some datasets have expanded the scope of existing offerings temporally and others spatially, while others have attempted to expand both but with an important lack of detail in terms of location, participants, timing and outcomes. This dataset sets out to remedy the deficit. Using military history’s most extensive encyclopedia of conflict events, we have created a dataset of conflict events spanning the globe and a timescale from 1468BC to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, complete with precise geographic coordinates, year, participants and outcome. We demonstrate the promise of this data-set by using it to assess the frequently asserted relationship between conflict history and economic development, combined with Nordhaus’ GECON sub–national wealth data and historical data on population density from the Netherlands Environmental Agency.

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Experiences of Health-Care Professionals Who Served the Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore and Its Impact on Morale: A Brief Report

Tam,

Ong,

@Nur Eisyah Tan

et al. 2024

Disaster med. public health prep.

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Objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused psychological distress among health-care professionals (HCP) worldwide, suggesting that morale could also be affected. This warrants further investigation as HCPs’ morale directly impacts delivery of quality care and work productivity. This study aims to explore the experiences of HCPs who served migrant workers in a local COVID-19 hotspot in Singapore and the impact on their morale. Methods Eleven volunteer HCPs from a regional hospital in Singapore who served migrant workers in a local COVID-19 hotspot were recruited. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted, and recordings were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Morale of HCPs was evaluated based on responses. Results Four main themes emerged: motivators, challenges, support, and leadership. Motivators or factors that drove HCPs to serve include varying personal reasons and a sense of duty to do good. Challenges faced by HCPs include a language barrier, keeping up with rapidly changing workflows, fear of contagion, and coping with emotions. Support and leadership were revealed to have boosted HCPs’ morale. Conclusions Peer and social support and effective leadership have potential protective effects on HCPs’ morale against negative experiences faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Measuring Military Effectiveness: Calculating Casualty Loss-Exchange Ratios for Multilateral Wars, 1816–1990

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Population is the main driver of war group size and conflict casualties

Population is the main driver of war group size and conflict casualties

Conflict Events Worldwide Since 1468BC: Introducing the Historical Conflict Event Dataset

Experiences of Health-Care Professionals Who Served the Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore and Its Impact on Morale: A Brief Report

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