Measuring invisible nursing interventions: Development and validation of Perception of Invisible Nursing Care-Hospitalisation questionnaire (PINC–H) in cancer patients

Abstract

Visible nursing work is usually associated with formal work and physician-delegated tasks which are protocolised and usually well documented. Nevertheless, nurses carry out many actions and display specific attitudes and behaviours which, despite contributing to the well-being, recovery of patients and satisfaction with the attention received, are not as visible. Previous studies have been conducted in order to define 'invisible nursing interventions', but no quantitative instruments focused on measuring invisible nursing interventions have been found in the literature. Purpose: To test the psychometric properties of the Perception of Invisible Nursing Care-Hospitalisation (PINC-H) questionnaire. Methods: Cross-sectional survey design. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 381 participants recruited consecutively after discharge from a Spanish hospital. Data were collected from 2012 to 2020. Results: Three factors were identified from exploratory factor analysis, namely 'Caring for the person', 'Caring for the environment and the family' and 'Caring presence'. Criterion Validity Coefficient was highly significant (p < 0.001) with values ranging between 0.63 and 0.71. Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. Test-retest reliability was estimated in a subsample of 187 participants; in all the items, correlation coefficients were highly significant (p < 0.001) and within range (0.532-0.811) with a mean value of 0.680. Also, correlations between each dimension and the complete questionnaire indicated good temporal stability between measurements. Conclusions: The instrument had satisfactory validity and reliability. PINC-H can contribute to highlight nursing interventions and behaviours which are often unseen and, thus, less valued. We argue that PINC-H will also be useful to evaluate the quality of invisible nursing care to oncology inpatients.

Development, Application and Evaluation of an Active Learning Methodology for Health Science Students, Oriented towards Equity and Cultural Diversity in the Treatment and Care of Geriatric Patients

“…The CCI-U questionnaire, which was designed ad hoc to evaluate the acquisition of invisible competences by students, was found to have a correct factor structure, as ratified by good fit values in the confirmatory factor analysis. This new instrument was also found to have reliability values similar to those reported for the Perception of Invisible Nursing Care—Hospitalisation (PINC-H) questionnaire [ 39 ]. However, unlike the PINC-H, which reflects the perceptions of young and adult oncological patients about invisible care [ 39 ], and the Care-Q Caring Assessment instrument [ 40 ], which measures the satisfaction of all type of patients regarding two specific elements of invisible care, such as the comfort and confidence provided by the health care professionals, our results confirmed the good functioning of the CCI-U in the evaluation of an intervention designed to foster the acquisition of invisible competences.…”