“…Internally democratic parties feature large ‘selectorates’ in leadership elections (e.g., Bischof & Wagner, 2017; Ignazi, 2020; Lehrer, 2012; Schumacher et al., 2013; for overviews, see Borz & Janda, 2020; Poguntke et al., 2016) and broad participation of members in policy decisions (Schumacher & Giger, 2017; also von dem Berge et al., 2013). For example, parties may grant their members the right to elect the party leader, to choose candidates for general elections, or to hold referenda on coalition agreements.…”