Measuring Experiences of Minority Stress for Transgender Women: Adaptation and Evaluation of Internalized and Anticipated Transgender Stigma Scales

Rendina, H. Jonathon; Cain, Demetria; López-Matos, Jonathan; Ray, Marielle; Gurung, Sitaji; Parsons, Jeffrey T.

doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0059

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This includes perceived prejudice (perception of discrimination directed at them for being transgender), anticipated prejudice (expectation of rejection/discrimination for being transgender), “passing” concerns (desire to not appear to be a transgender person and/or seeking to have a gender expression similar to that of a cisgender person), among others [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The combination of the two sets of stressors leads to negative psychological outcomes, which are already well documented in the literature [ 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condom-Protected Sex and Minority Stress: Associations with Condom Negotiation Self-Efficacy, “Passing” Concerns, and Experiences with Misgendering among Transgender Men and Women in Brazil

Catelan

Saadeh

Lobato

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This cross-sectional exploratory study aims to verify associations between condom-protected sex, condom negotiation self-efficacy, self-esteem, and four minority stressors (experiences with misgendering, “passing” concerns, anticipated prejudice, and perceived prejudice) among transgender men (TM) and transgender women (TW). 260 individuals (192 TW and 68 TM) residing in two Brazilian states participated in the study. Data was collected online and in two hospital programs for transgender people and included sociodemographic data, condom-protected sex, the Trans-Specific Condom/Barrier Negotiation Self-Efficacy (T-Barrier) Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and four minority stressors. Measures that were significantly associated with condom-protected sex were tested as independent variables in a linear regression model. The main results suggest that lower condom negotiation self-efficacy, higher “passing” concerns, and higher experiences with misgendering were predictors of lower frequency of condom-protected sex. These negative outcomes were found among both TM and TW, which justifies their inclusion in public health policies. Structural strategies and clinical interventions are suggested to address condom negotiation self-efficacy and “passing” concerns in transgender populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condom-Protected Sex and Minority Stress: Associations with Condom Negotiation Self-Efficacy, “Passing” Concerns, and Experiences with Misgendering among Transgender Men and Women in Brazil

Catelan

Saadeh

Lobato

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…First, internalized transnegativity—sometimes referred to as internalized transphobia, internalized stigma, or gender identity self-stigma (e.g., Rendina et al, 2020; Testa et al, 2017; Timmins et al, 2017)—refers to a transgender person’s internalization of a negative attitude toward transgender people (Staples et al, 2018). So far, a few studies have shown that internalized transnegativity is associated with suicidality, depression, and social anxiety (Perez-Brumer et al, 2015; Testa et al, 2015; Testa et al, 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.

Helsen¹,

Enzlin²,

Gijs³

2022

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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The minority stress model is used to explore the development of mental health disparities experienced by transgender adults. However, research so far has focused on the harmful impact of distal minority stressors, leaving proximal minority stressors understudied. This study aimed to examine the associations between mental health difficulties of transgender adults and proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity. Between December 28th, 2018 and March 1st, 2019; 143 Flemish and Dutch transgender adults (65 transgender women, 44 transgender men, 34 nonbinary adults) between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 34.79, SD = 13.62) filled out an online survey. Using multiple linear regression analyses, results confirmed that proximal minority stress was associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties. Specifically, internalized transnegativity and expectations of rejection-but not concealment-were associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties. Community connectedness was not associated with mental health difficulties and did not act as a moderator, suggesting that it might not foster resilience in transgender adults. Finally, gender nonconformity was associated with higher levels of mental health difficulties but did not act as a moderator. These findings partially support the applicability of the minority stress model but suggest expanding it to include stigma visibility, that is, gender nonconformity, as a determinant of mental health difficulties in transgender adults. Overall, these findings highlight that prevention and treatment strategies for mental health difficulties in transgender people should take into account internalized transnegativity, expectations of rejection, and the social stigma associated with gender nonconformity. Public Significance StatementThis study suggests that transgender adults with higher levels of internalized transnegativity, expectations of rejection, and/or gender nonconformity may experience higher levels of mental health difficulties.

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“…The third concern is the extent to which some research strategies may recreate or activate the traumatic or stigmatizing experiences they are designed to understand. Stigma and minority stress scales [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] often include items that can be experienced as stigmatizing in and of themselves (e.g. “Whenever I think of being transgender, I feel depressed;” “Most transgender people end up lonely and isolated;” “Being transgender is disgusting to me”) [ 40 ] or ask participants to recount and relive stigmatizing experiences (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stigma and minority stress scales [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] often include items that can be experienced as stigmatizing in and of themselves (e.g. “Whenever I think of being transgender, I feel depressed;” “Most transgender people end up lonely and isolated;” “Being transgender is disgusting to me”) [ 40 ] or ask participants to recount and relive stigmatizing experiences (e.g. history of physical and sexual violence, family rejection, incidents of discrimination and harassment) to document their association with negative affect or health behaviour [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical HIV research with transgender and non‐binary communities in the United States

Klein

Golub

2022

J Int AIDS Soc.

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Introduction Because transgender individuals experience disproportionately high rates of HIV infection, this population is an increasing focus of epidemiological and implementation science research to combat the epidemic. However, study participants, providers and other advocates have become increasingly concerned about research practices that may alienate, objectify, exploit or even re‐traumatize the communities they are designed to benefit. This commentary explores the common pitfalls of HIV research with transgender communities and provides a potential framework for ethical, community‐engaged research practice. Discussion We review some of the critical challenges to HIV research with transgender and non‐binary communities that limit the potential for such studies to improve practice. For example, scales that measure stigma perceptions/experiences often include activating language, while the consistent focus in research on risk and trauma can often feel judgemental and redundant. Because of limited employment opportunities, some participants may feel undue influence by research stipends; others may perceive their participation as fuelling the larger research economy without providing research jobs to community members. Questions remain regarding optimal strategies for authentic research partnership beyond community advisory boards or focus groups. Transgender and non‐binary researchers are under‐represented and may be tokenized. Many demonstration projects provide much‐needed services that disappear when the research funding is over, and community‐based dissemination efforts are often perceived as “too little, too late” to effect change. Conclusions Based on this review and input from study participants across the United States, we detail six recommendations for ethical HIV research with transgender and non‐binary communities, including (1) equitable budgeting with community‐based programme partners; (2) representation in the development of both research agenda and methods; (3) integration of research activities into the ongoing work of any clinical or service site, so that individuals’ needs as “clients” can continue to be prioritized over their role as “participants;” (4) mindfully considered compensation that values the contributions of community members, but avoids undue influence; (5) transparent, community‐focused and timely communication at every stage of the study, including research purpose, data usage, preliminary findings and full‐scale results; and (6) planning for sustainability of any programme or services beyond the life of the research project.

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Measuring Experiences of Minority Stress for Transgender Women: Adaptation and Evaluation of Internalized and Anticipated Transgender Stigma Scales

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Condom-Protected Sex and Minority Stress: Associations with Condom Negotiation Self-Efficacy, “Passing” Concerns, and Experiences with Misgendering among Transgender Men and Women in Brazil

Condom-Protected Sex and Minority Stress: Associations with Condom Negotiation Self-Efficacy, “Passing” Concerns, and Experiences with Misgendering among Transgender Men and Women in Brazil

Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity.

Ethical HIV research with transgender and non‐binary communities in the United States

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