Measuring Emotional Memory in the Elevated T-Maze Using a Training-to-Criterion Procedure

Conde, Carlos Arturo

doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00251-2

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Innate and acquired anxiety was also assessed by performance in the elevated T-maze. A training-to-criterion procedure was adapted where rats were trained to stay in the enclosed arm continuously for 5 min as previous studies have shown that rats trained to a learning criterion show significant better retention and avoidance memory [38]. During avoidance training at day 1, there was no significant difference between treatment groups in terms of the latency to leave the closed arm or the number of trials required to reach the criterion of 5 min, indicating that overexpression of either hrGFP or neuroserpin did not affect the learning of conditioned fear.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AAV-Mediated Overexpression of Neuroserpin in the Hippocampus Decreases PSD-95 Expression but Does Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory

et al. 2014

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Neuroserpin is a serine protease inhibitor, or serpin, that is expressed in the nervous system and inhibits the protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Neuroserpin has been suggested to play a role in learning and memory but direct evidence for such a role is lacking. Here we have used an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expression system to investigate the effect of neuroserpin on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in the young adult rat. A FLAG-tagged neuroserpin construct was initially characterized by in vitro transcription/translation and transfection into HEK293 cells and shown to interact with tPA and be targeted to the secretory pathway. Targeted injection of a chimeric AAV1/2 vector expressing FLAG-neuroserpin resulted in localized overexpression in the dorsal hippocampus. Neuroserpin overexpression led to the appearance of an unstable neuroserpin:tPA complex in zymographic assays consistent with interaction with endogenous tPA in vivo. Rats overexpressing neuroserpin also showed a significant decrease in the levels of postsynaptic density protein 95, a major postsynaptic scaffolding protein. Three weeks after injection, a range of behavioural tests was performed to measure spatial and associative learning and memory, as well as innate and acquired fear. These tests provided no evidence of a role for neuroserpin in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. In summary this study does not support a role for neuroserpin in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory in young adult rats but does suggest an involvement of neuroserpin in hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AAV-Mediated Overexpression of Neuroserpin in the Hippocampus Decreases PSD-95 Expression but Does Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory

et al. 2014

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“…Nevertheless, the present data show that investigators should account for possible inter-individual differences in terms of avoidance performance when using the elevated T-maze protocol. The use of a learning-to-criterion procedure (see also 16), as employed in the present study, could be useful to select rat subpopulations regarding emotional reactivity and conditionability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of emotional reactivity on inhibitory avoidance in the elevated T-maze

Conde

Costa

Tomaz

2000

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The possibility of the presence of inter-individual emotional differences and the memory performance of rats was examined in the elevated T-maze. Two kinds of aversively motivated behaviors, inhibitory avoidance and escape learning, were measured. Based on the number of trials to achieve a learning criterion, rats were divided into two subgroups with either low or high avoidance reactivity (LAR or HAR, respectively). Retention test avoidance latencies showed that HAR animals had better avoidance memory (Mann-Whitney rank sum test, P = 0.0035). No such differences were found for the escape component of this test. These data suggest that individual emotional differences affect inhibitory avoidance performance, which may help to explain the dispersion of the data observed in other studies using this paradigm. Key words· Elevated T-maze · High and low avoidance rats · Anxiety · Emotional reactivity A large number of studies have described strains of rats selected on the basis of their emotional reactivity and conditionability. In general, these strains are the outcome of bidirectional selection for emotionality differences determined by open-field defecation and ambulation scores, as well as the speed of acquisition and retention of a conditioned avoidance response measured in an escapeavoidance conditioning apparatus. Examples are the Maudsley rats (1), Roman rats (2), Naples rats (3), Syracuse and Australian rats (4), and some selections of Sprague-Dawley rats (5).Recently, Graeff and co-workers (6-8) described the elevated T-maze test as a new method for investigating emotionally related behaviors and processes underlying learning. The apparatus is composed of two open arms arranged at right angles to one enclosed arm, elevated above the ground. The maze permits the measurement of two kinds of aversively motivated behaviors, namely, inhibitory avoidance (time the animal takes to leave the enclosed arm) and one-way escape (time taken to leave the open arm). This experimental model allows the parallel measurement of responses related to both innate and learned fear in the same subject, and permits the simultaneous assessment of memory for these behaviors. The elevated Tmaze has been shown to be sensitive to the effects of anxiolytic and memory-modulating drugs such as diazepam, the 5-HT 1A ligand ipsapirone (6,7,9) and the 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist BRL 46470A (10). Moreover, the results of these studies suggest that the two tasks measured in the T-maze test (inhibitory avoidance -conditioned component, and oneway escape -unconditioned component) generate distinct types of fear and memory that could be related to different kinds of psychiatric disorders and thus be differently affected by distinct drugs. Although the results of these studies are promising, an examination of the data for the conditioned component indicates a wide dispersion of measured values. This dispersion is not likely to be due to animal manipulation by the experimenter. In a recent study we observed a similar dispersion in rats teste...

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“…The maze was cleaned thoroughly with warm water between trials. The following parameters were measured: percent time spent in open and closed parts of the maze as well as frequencies of open and closed entries (an arm entry was considered when the rat stepped with all four paws into it) (Conde et al, 1999).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine on Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity and behavior in rats

Balk

Silva²,

Bridi³

et al. 2011

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Activation of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (LHPA) and the release of glucocorticoids are fundamental for the adaptive response and immediate survival of an organism in reaction to acute stimuli. However, high levels of glucocorticoids in the brain may produce neuronal injury and a decrease of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, with effects on neurotransmitter signaling, neural activity, as well as the whole animal behavior. Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by indirect actions on the dopaminergic system and LHPA axis. Its chronic use increases the body's ability to cope with stress; however, high doses can potentiate its side effects on memory, learning, and sensory motor function. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine treatment on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and on the behavior of male rats. Changes in the behavioral response were evaluated by measuring the memory, learning, anxiety, and exploratory responses. Our results showed that exposure to repeated restraint stress reduced levels of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in brain structures and changed short and long-term memory, learning, and exploratory response when compared to the control group. Exposure to clomipramine treatment increased anxiety levels and reduced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in the cerebral cortex as well as short term memory, learning, and exploratory response. In conclusion, the present results provide additional evidence concerning how repeated restraint stress and clomipramine chronically administered at higher dose levels affect the neural activity and behavior of male rats.

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Measuring Emotional Memory in the Elevated T-Maze Using a Training-to-Criterion Procedure

Cited by 23 publications

References 17 publications

AAV-Mediated Overexpression of Neuroserpin in the Hippocampus Decreases PSD-95 Expression but Does Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory

AAV-Mediated Overexpression of Neuroserpin in the Hippocampus Decreases PSD-95 Expression but Does Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory

Effects of emotional reactivity on inhibitory avoidance in the elevated T-maze

Effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine on Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity and behavior in rats

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Measuring Emotional Memory in the Elevated T-Maze Using a Training-to-Criterion Procedure

Cited by 23 publications

References 17 publications

AAV-Mediated Overexpression of Neuroserpin in the Hippocampus Decreases PSD-95 Expression but Does Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory

AAV-Mediated Overexpression of Neuroserpin in the Hippocampus Decreases PSD-95 Expression but Does Not Affect Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory

Effects of emotional reactivity on inhibitory avoidance in the elevated T-maze

Effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine on Na+/K+‐ATPase activity and behavior in rats

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Effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine on Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase activity and behavior in rats