Measuring depression: comparison and integration of three scales in the GENDEP study

Uher, Rudolf; Farmer, Anne; Maier, Wolfgang; Rietschel, Marcella; Hauser, Joanna; Marušič, Andrej; Mors, Ole; Elkin, Amanda; Williamson, R; Schmael, Christine; Henigsberg, Neven; Perez, Jorge Coarasa; Mendlewicz, Julien; Janzing, J.G.E.; Zobel, Astrid; Skibińska, Maria; Kozel, Dejan; Stamp, Anne Schinkel; Bajs, Maja; Placentino, Anna; Barreto, Mara Isabel; McGuffin, Peter; Aitchison, Katherine J.

doi:10.1017/s0033291707001730

Cited by 247 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The content and psychometric properties of different scales used to measure depression are a relevant example. The HRSD had long been seen as the "gold standard" for depression research, but more recently was shown to be less accurate and less internally consistent than the BDI and the MADRS, potentially not valid for use in outpatient samples (Uher et al, 2008). …”

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: The contribution of depression.

Vorontsova¹,

Garety²,

Freeman³

2013

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Depression is common in people with schizophrenia, but how it might directly contribute to the persistence of psychotic symptoms has rarely been tested. The key aim of the present study was to test whether depression and associated cognitive processes predict the maintenance of persecutory delusions. Three groups of participants were tested at baseline: 60 patients with persecutory delusions in the context of a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis, 30 patients with depression, and 30 nonclinical controls. They completed interviewer and self-report assessments of depression and paranoia, and measures of six cognitive factors (schematic beliefs, experiential avoidance, autobiographical memory, problem solving, rumination, worry style). The patients with persecutory delusions were then assessed again, six months later. It was found that 50% of the patients with persecutory delusions met diagnostic criteria for major depression. Cognitive processes found to be associated with depression across the groups were negative schematic beliefs about the self, experiential avoidance and rumination, but not autobiographical memory or problem solving. The severity of initial depression in patients with persecutory delusions predicted the persistence of paranoia over six months. A number of cognitive factors also predicted the persistence of persecutory delusions, including negative schematic beliefs about the self, worry, and problem-solving difficulties. In conclusion, depression is common in patients with current persecutory delusions, and it shows similar cognitive features to major depressive disorder. The results of this study indicate that depression and related processes may contribute to the maintenance of paranoia. Trials are warranted of depression-related therapeutic techniques for people with persecutory delusions.

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Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: The contribution of depression.

Vorontsova¹,

Garety²,

Freeman³

2013

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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“…27 Previous psychometric analyses of the MADRS using the GENDEP data showed this rating scale had the greatest internal consistency of the three measures. 28 As the MADRS was also designed specifically to be sensitive to change over time, 25 in this report, participants' weekly MADRS score was used as the primary measure of their response to both antidepressants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between serotonin transporter gene variants and life events predicts response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project

et al. 2010

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“…Radloff, for instance, recommended to describe the CES-D with 4 factors, Beck suggested to extract at least two factors for the BDI, and Rush et al identified 3 factors in their psychometric study of the IDS-30 (Rush et al, 1996). Multifactorial results also emerge when symptoms of several questionnaire are pooled (Uher et al, 2008).…”

Section: Unidimensionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring depression over time . . . Or not? Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression.

Fried

Borkulo

Epskamp

et al. 2016

Psychological Assessment

246

241

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In depression research, symptoms are routinely assessed via rating scales and added to construct sum-scores. These scores are used as a proxy for depression severity in cross-sectional research, and differences in sum-scores over time are taken to reflect changes in an underlying depression construct. To allow for such interpretations, rating scales must (a) measure a single construct, and (b) measure that construct in the same way across time. These requirements are referred to as unidimensionality and measurement invariance. We investigated these 2 requirements in 2 large prospective studies (combined n = 3,509) in which overall depression levels decrease, examining 4 common depression rating scales (1 self-report, 3 clinician-report) with different time intervals between assessments (between 6 weeks and 2 years). A consistent pattern of results emerged. For all instruments, neither unidimensionality nor measurement invariance appeared remotely tenable. At least 3 factors were required to describe each scale, and the factor structure changed over time. Typically, the structure became less multifactorial as depression severity decreased (without however reaching unidimensionality). The decrease in the sum-scores was accompanied by an increase in the variances of the sum-scores, and increases in internal consistency. These findings challenge the common interpretation of sum-scores and their changes as reflecting 1 underlying construct. The violations of common measurement requirements are sufficiently severe to suggest alternative interpretations of depression sum-scores as formative instead of reflective measures. We discuss the possible causes of these violations such as response shift bias, restriction of range, and regression to the mean.

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Measuring depression: comparison and integration of three scales in the GENDEP study

Abstract: The MADRS and the BDI can be recommended as complementary measures of depression severity. The three factor scores are proposed for external validation.

Cited by 247 publications

References 33 publications

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: The contribution of depression.

Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis: The contribution of depression.

Interaction between serotonin transporter gene variants and life events predicts response to antidepressants in the GENDEP project

Measuring depression over time . . . Or not? Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression.

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