“…instructional paradigms for general education students, particularly in mathematics, tend to emphasize constructivist perspectives and conceptually based teaching (Brophy, 2002;Cobb, 1994;Confrey & Kazak, 2006), views on instruction for students identified as ELs and those with IEPs are more mixed. Some emphasize the importance of conceptually based activities aligned to constructivism (Faggella-Luby, Griffith, Silva, & Weinburgh, 2016;Huerta, Tong, Irby, & Lara-Alecio, 2016), while others advocate for teaching grounded in direct instruction that uses explicit language and instructional techniques in order to maximize understanding of the content among ELs and students with IEPs (Doabler, Nelson, & Clarke, 2016;Spooner, Root, Saunders, & Browder, 2019).…”