“…To give further background, the theory and data supporting rauding theory and three factors advanced by rauding theory will be reviewed first, and the theory and data advanced by Nassaji and Geva will be reviewed second. Carver (1977Carver ( , 1982Carver ( , 1983Carver ( , 1984Carver ( , 1985aCarver ( , 1985bCarver ( , 1987aCarver ( , 1987bCarver ( , 1987cCarver ( , 1990aCarver ( , 1990bCarver ( , 1992aCarver ( , 1992bCarver ( , 1992cCarver ( , 1992dCarver ( , 1993Carver ( , 1997Carver ( , 2000 presented a theory of reading, called rauding theory, in which there are five basic reading processes: scanning, skimming, rauding, learning, and memorizing. Typical reading, hereon called rauding, is typified by (a) a constancy of rate across levels of difficulty, hereon called the rauding rate, (b) optimal efficiency at this rate (which is by definition a function of an individual's best accuracy at their rauding rate), and (c) an efficiency factor with two subfactors, called accuracy and rate.…”