Measures of the EU Agri-Environmental Protection Scheme (GAEPS) and their impacts on the visual acceptability of Finnish agricultural landscapes

Assessing the visual quality of green landscaping in rural residential areas: the case of Changzhou, China

“…Since the aesthetics of forested areas were first measured (Daniel and Boster 1976), visual quality assessment has been applied to the following types of landscapes: national parks (Acar et al 2006;Gülez 1992;Meitner 2004;Yu 1995), flower gardens (Chen et al 2009), urban habitats (Acar and Sakıcı 2008;Bulut and Yilmaz 2008;He et al 2005), waterscapes (Bulut et al 2010;Bulut and Yilmaz 2009;Meitner 2004), road greenways (Akbar et al 2003;Clay and Daniel 2000;Clay and Smidt 2004;Schroeder and Daniel 1980;Sullivan and Lovell 2006), forested landscapes (Blasco et al 2009;Cook and Cable 1995;Haider and Hunt 2002), agriculture landscapes (Tahvanainen et al 2002), ecological rehabilitation sites (Hands and Brown 2002), natural scenes (Han 2010;Real et al 2000), and other landscapes (Roth 2006;Wherrett 2000). This method has also used in assessing rural landscapes.…”

“…Modern plantings often ignore plants' cultural connotations, and the arrangement of landscape elements does not retain their visual harmony with surrounding resources. Our reasons for undertaking this study were as follows: these traditional landscapes contain cultural and local features that should be protected and inherited; the majority of Chinese citizens still live in rural regions, and green-landscaped spaces in rural residential areas should be preserved as an important component of the living environment; and beautiful rural landscapes not only benefit the individual who experiences them but also can improve regional economies through their roles as tourist attractions and recreation destinations (Clay and Daniel 2000;Clay and Marsh 1997;Tahvanainen et al 2002).…”

The beauty of landforms

“…To an observer, aesthetics is the feeling of or the ability to experience beauty that develops as part of his or her subjective feeling (Šmid Hribar 2011). Hence, this is about enjoying the beauty offered by both the natural environment and human creations.…”

“…The criticism raised against these types of studies is primarily based on potential subjectivity, deficient standardization of methods, and repeatability of results (Bruns and Green 2001;Daniel 2001). Research results are increasingly applicable in planning, managing, and even monitoring changes in the landscape (Tress et al 2001;Tahvanainen et al 2002). In Europe, the applicability of these results became even more topical with the ratification of the European Landscape Convention (European Landscape Convention … 2000; Dramstad et al 2006).…”

Modelling bilberry and cowberry yields in Finland: different approaches to develop models for forest planning calculations

“…In this method, the minimum requirement is that each stand belongs to one pair. In Study I, as well as in many other applications (Silvennoinen et al 2001;Tahvanainen et al 2001Tahvanainen et al , 2002Tyrväinen et al 2003), the number of comparisons was set at (n -1) + (n -2). Although the variations related to expert judgements were considered in model construction (I), the error term still included, besides the between-stand residual variation, also the between-expert residual variation.…”