Measures of change in token-economy programs

Allen, Donna J.; Magaro, Peter A.

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(71)90043-x

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Research has examined whether particular client variables contribute to responsiveness to the token economy, but the evidence has been inconsistent. For example, in token economies for psychiatric patients, degree of patient withdrawal, social isolation and length of hospitalization are negatively correlated with improvement in some studies (Ayllon & Azrin, 1968b;Fullerton, Cayner, & McLaughlin-Reidel, 1978) but unrelated or even positively correlated with responsiveness in other studies (Allen & Magaro, 1971;Mishara, 1978). Similarly, conflicting evidence within and across target populations has been provided for the relations between age, IQ, and gender and responsiveness to the contingencies (e.g., Fullerton et al, 1978;Mishara, 1978;Moran, Kass, & Munz, 1977).…”

Section: Enhancing Effects Of Token Economiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Token Economy: A Decade Later

Kazdin¹

1982

J of App Behav Analysis

212

112

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In the last decade, the token economy has been extended widely across populations and behaviors in treatment, rehabilitation, educational, and community settings. Outcome research has expanded as well to include large-scale program evaluations and comparative and combined treatment studies of the token economy. In a previous review (Kazdin & Bootzin, 1972), several obstacles were identified for the effective application of the token economy. These included identifying procedures to enhance program efficacy, to train staff, to overcome client resistance, and to promote long-term maintenance and transfer of training. The present paper discusses recent advances in research and reviews progress on the major issues identified previously. New issues have become salient in the last decade that pertain to the extension of the token economy to institutional settings. The demands for maintaining the integrity of treatment, the ability to integrate token economies within existing institutional constraints, and the disseminability of the procedures on a large scale are major issues that may dictate the future of the token economy.

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Section: Enhancing Effects Of Token Economiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Token Economy: A Decade Later

Kazdin¹

1982

J of App Behav Analysis

212

112

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“…This was unfortunate, since there is evidence to suggest that not all psychiatric patients are likely to benefit from a T.E. system of ward management (Allen and Magaro, 1971;Kazdin, 1973). In other programmes, subjects were specifically selected for programme participation, or were referred from other wards, after which they were screened prior to being included in the T.E.P.…”

Section: Subject Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that in T.E. programmes where subjects are not specifically selected for programme participation, there are likely to be a number of high responders, a proportion of low responders and a number of subjects, relatively or totally resistant to the effect of the reinforcement contingencies (Allen andMagaro, 1971, Kazdin, 1973). When groupdata statistics are presented, it is often noted that the responses of the high responders may completely blend with and distort the learning curve of the total group.…”

Section: Effects Of Programme Participationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Token Economies and Other Token Programmes in the United States

Fernández¹

1978

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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Following the setting-up of the token economy programme (T.E.P.) in St. Brendan's Hospital, Dublin in 1968 (Fingleton and Mccutchan, 1969) and completion of the first series of studies (Fernandez, 1972, a) this author was awarded a Travelling Fellowship by the World Health Organization, Geneva; which enabled him to visit a number of T.E. Programmes in the United States. Following the above visit, a Final Report was submitted to the funding agency (Fernandez, 1972, c). This paper will concern itself with a summary of all observations made in the above Report, and where relevant, these observations have been up-dated in the light of recent research developments and with other informal observations not mentioned in the Final Report.

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“…By not combining data, independent variable control over the dependent variables can be more easily monitored, maintained, and varied as experimentally or clinically required. Such experimental control and involvement with individual subjects has been valued by behavior analysts (Allen and Magaro, 1971;Baer, Wolf, and Risley, 1968;Michael, 1974). In fact, behavior analysts have eschewed group comparisoni or between-subject research designs because of heir inability to provide a functional analysis of individual behavior (Sidman, 1960, Skinner, 1950.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first eight volumes of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (1968Analysis ( to 1975 (Allen and Magaro, 1971;Baer, Wolf, and Risley, 1968;Michael, 1974). In fact, behavior analysts have eschewed group comparisoni or between-subject research designs because of heir inability to provide a functional analysis of individual behavior (Sidman, 1960, Skinner, 1950.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%