Measurements of Turbulence Profiles in the Troposphere

Measurements of optical turbulence with higher-order structure functions

“…[1][2][3] Typically, the C n 2 data come from temperature differences measured by fluctuations in the resistance of two, fine-wire, platinum or tungsten probes separated horizontally by approximately 1 m. Collecting C n 2 profiles with microthermal probe pairs carried by a balloon tends to be awkward and expensive. Consequently, this procedure has been used infrequently.…”

Prediction model of atmospheric refractive index structure parameter in coastal area

“…It is indicated from the statistic analysis of the observation data that the temperature difference between both ends of the link varies obviously in the case of the daytime or whole day; however, the distinct variations of the relative humidity difference appear basically in the case of the whole day. The amplitude of temperature difference is larger than that of the relative humidity difference on March 4, 9 and 10, the opposite situation occurs in March 7,8,11,12,13,14,15,18 and 22, and there is a rough balance between them on March 16 and 23. In comparison with the variations of temperature and relative humidity difference, the wind speed difference varies greatly and irregularly, and the pressure difference changes smally and stably.…”

“…Using the refitted macrometeorology model of C 2 n to statistically analyse the observation data for 20 days, we find that there is good agreement between the predicted values and the scintillometer observations for days of March 6,14,15,16,17,18,21,22 and 23; however, a poor agreement is observed at night and during the wee hours for days of March 4, 5 and 13, around sunset for days of March 7, 8, 10, 11 and 20, and throughout the day for days of March 9, 12 and 19. Taking the typical observation data of March 4,8,9 and 23, for example, the predictions of offshore macrometeorology model of C 2 n for the above four cases are shown in Figure 7. In combination with the meteorological records and observations, case (a) mainly appears in sunny day where there are usually obvious temperature variations correspondingly with great C 2 n values.…”

“…For the meteorological observation data of 20 days, the quantity α x is primarily presented to be three cases: (1) α 1 = 3 and α 2 = −1, (2) α 1 = 3 and α 2 = −2, (3) α 1 = 2 and α 2 = −2. Case (1) appears in March 4,5,7,8,9,11,12,13,17,18,19 and 20, which involves all the mentioned weather except for sunny day. However, there is small difference between the predictions and the measurements in the wee hours of March 11, 13 and 17.…”

“…Correspondingly, the C 2 n is obtained by the measurement of mean-square temperature difference between two microthermal probes in the early stage * Corresponding author. Email: 80784017@qq.com [7][8][9]. However, when considering the humidity fluctuation, especially for the scenario on the sea or near the coast where humidity influence cannot be neglected, the Bulk C 2 n model based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory has been applied and developed well [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”