Measurements of the speed of sound in liquid and supercritical ethane

Hawary, Ahmed El; Meier, Karsten

doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2015.11.019

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Before the measurement campaign, the acoustic path length at zero pressure and 273.15 K and its temperature dependence were determined by calibration measurements with gaseous argon as described in refs and . The very accurate speed-of-sound data of Estrada-Alexanders and Trusler were used as reference for the calibration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Speed-of-Sound Measurements and Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Isobutane

Hawary

Meier

2018

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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This article reports comprehensive and accurate measurements of the speed of sound in liquid isobutane. The measurements were carried out by a double-path-length pulse-echo technique and cover the temperature range between 200 and 420 K with pressures of up to 100 MPa. The expanded measurement uncertainties (at the 0.95 confidence level) are 2.1 mK for temperature, 0.007% for pressure, and 0.009% for the speed of sound with the exception of a few state points at low pressures and in the vicinity of the critical point, where it increases up to 0.035%. Furthermore, densities and specific isobaric and isochoric heat capacities were derived from the speed-of-sound data in the temperature range between 200 and 340 K and up to 100 MPa by the method of thermodynamic integration. Very accurate results for the derived properties were obtained by determining values of the isobaric heat capacity on the initial isobar for the integration by a well-known thermodynamic relation among the isobaric heat capacity, density, and speed of sound from very accurate density data at low pressures of (Glos, S.; Kleinrahm, R.; Wagner, W. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2004, 36, 1037−1059) and our speed-of-sound data. Moreover, these initial values were manually adjusted to enforce physically correct behavior of the calculated derivatives of the equation of state. Comparisons of the experimental speeds of sound and derived properties with the Helmholtz energy formulation of Bucker and Wagner for isobutane (Bucker, D.; Wagner, W. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2006Data , 35, 929−1019 and data from the literature demonstrate the high accuracy of the results and reveal potential to improve the formulation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent studies, we have measured comprehensive data sets of the speed of sound in liquid and supercritical ethane, propane, and normal butane by a double-path-length pulse-echo technique over a wide range of temperature and at high pressures of up to 100 MPa. With this work, we continue these studies for isobutane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed-of-Sound Measurements and Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Isobutane

Hawary

Meier

2018

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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“…In this frame, the measurement of the speed of sound is obtained by measuring the delay time between two signals, emitted simultaneously, traveling different path lengths at the same speed. Exhaustive descriptions of the measurement principle and its implementation can be found in [4,[17][18][19] where also main corrections to the measurements are described.…”

Section: Measurement Technique and Correctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

2021

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Measurement of fluids flows represents an unparalleled tools for the account of the transferred mass, heat and energy; however, considering the wide ranges of transported fluids flow-rates, temperatures, pressures, viscosity and densities, high accurate calibrations of ultrasonic flowmeters remain demanded.As an alternative to the usual gravimetric calibration, there is a less explored possibility to provide the traceability of the measurement through the speed of sound.In this work an ultrasonic sensor, which operates on the basis of the double pulse-echo technique is presented. This sensor is capable to provide measurements of speed of sound, fully traceable to units of length and time. Moreover, it has been optimized to operate when set both into a laboratory thermostat and into industrial plants using spools like DN50, or larger, in order to be adopted as a transfer standard for flow rate measurements. The concept behind this idea is the possibility of characterising the ultrasonic cell, namely the velocity meter, in a controlled temperature and pressure conditions in a laboratory environment. Thereafter, it is possible to connect the sensor directly to the natural gas distribution lines, nearby the industrial ultrasonic flow meters, normally used to monitor the LNG flow. This procedure would bring the significant benefit of enabling industrial flowmeters to be calibrated without the need for prior knowledge of the composition of the fluid under test, as well as avoiding the shutdown or removal of flowmeters during their calibration.The sensor has been tested and characterized performing measurements in liquid methane in the temperature range of (100 and 162) K and for pressure up to 10 MPa. The expanded relative uncertainty of the obtained speed of sound, w is U r (w) = 0.15 % (k = 2) for temperature below 130 K and U r (w) = 0.32 % (k = 2) for temperature above 130 K. The obtained values are in agreement with those available in the scientific literature and with the predictions of the Seitzmann and Wagner and GERG equation of state.Along with experimental speed of sound measurements, a deep insight of the procedures adopted to improve the stability of the sensor, the specific corrections applied considering the cryogenic working conditions and a complete analysis of the uncertainty affecting the obtained results is also discussed.

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“…In general, but not in a universal way, the more rigid is a material, the faster the ultrasonic wave will propagate within it. It is important to keep in mind that the ultrasonic velocity changes significantly with temperature [26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Ultrasound As a Tool For Liquid Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pulse frequency plays a key role, as ultrasonic attenuation is exponentially proportional to the frequency. In general, water is used as reference once its behaviour both for attenuation and ultrasonic velocity are very well known [26][27][28][29]. …”

Section: Ultrasound As a Tool For Liquid Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound as a Metrological Tool for Monitoring Transesterification Kinetics

Baêsso¹,

Oliveira²,

Moraes³

et al. 2018

Advanced Chemical Kinetics

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Ultrasound has been widely used as a technological alternative way to analyse noninvasively an assortment of materials. It includes liquids with dissimilar physical characteristics, including mono-and multi-phasic mixtures, suspension formation and dissolution, in-line processing, among other practical applications. Regardless the huge spread of uses, so far ultrasound has not been proved to be able to quantify transesterification kinetics with a metrological approach. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that a properly designed ultrasonic experiment can be developed to identify remarkable stages of a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel. The method was compared both with gas chromatography and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR). For an in-line application, ultrasound has been proved to work properly as a monitoring tool for chemical reaction kinetics.

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Measurements of the speed of sound in liquid and supercritical ethane

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Speed-of-Sound Measurements and Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Isobutane

Speed-of-Sound Measurements and Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Isobutane

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

Ultrasound as a Metrological Tool for Monitoring Transesterification Kinetics

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