Measurements of the dynamical cooling rate associated with the vertical transport of heat by dissipating gravity waves in the mesopause region at the Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico

Gardner, Chester S.; Yang, Woo-Sun

doi:10.1029/98jd00683

Cited by 71 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…That is because the constituent fluctuations are not Gaussian distributed while the temperature fluctuations are [Gardner and Yang, 1998]. …”

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[36] To evaluate the expectations in (A9), we note that wind and temperature perturbations are Gaussian distributed [Gardner and Yang, 1998;Gardner and Liu, 2010]. Because χ and ξ are linearly related to the wind perturbations through (A6) and (A7), χ, ξ, and T ′ are jointly distributed Gaussian random processes.…”

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here ΔT and Δρ c are computed as the RMS errors estimated from the photon noise [Chu et al, 2002;Gardner and Yang, 1998]. …”

Section: Lidar Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous, common‐volume lidar observations and theoretical studies of correlations among Fe/Na layers and temperatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at Boulder Table Mountain (40°N, 105°W), Colorado

et al. 2013

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[1] Simultaneous and common-volume observations of Fe density, Na density, and temperatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere were made for 12 nights with an Fe Boltzmann lidar and a Na Doppler lidar at the Table Mountain Lidar Facility (40.13°N, 105.24°W) near Boulder, Colorado, in August and September 2010. We derive the correlations among temporal variations of Fe/Na densities and temperatures, eliminating the covariance bias via computing the cross correlations between Fe (Na) density and Na (Fe) temperature perturbations. The Fe-Na density correlation is positive below the Fe layer peak and above the Na peak where the Fe/Na density gradients have the same signs but becomes negative in between the Fe and Na peaks where the gradients are opposite. The large correlation between temperature and density fluctuations is positive on the layer bottomside but negative on the topside with the transitions occurring near the layer peaks. The relative Fe/ Na variances reach minimum near the layer peaks but rapidly increase and exceed the relative temperature variance significantly toward edges. These observations can be largely reproduced by theoretically modeling the metal layer responses to the wave-induced perturbations only through dynamic processes with a Gaussian stationary density distribution. These results suggest that the dynamic effects (mainly the vertical displacement) induced by gravity waves or tides dominate the observed short-term density and temperature variations over a night. We explain the Fe/Na gradient difference observed at the bottomside via the chemical "shelf" around 80 km for reactive chemicals and the Fe/Na layer height difference.

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“…That is because the constituent fluctuations are not Gaussian distributed while the temperature fluctuations are [Gardner and Yang, 1998]. …”

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous, common‐volume lidar observations and theoretical studies of correlations among Fe/Na layers and temperatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at Boulder Table Mountain (40°N, 105°W), Colorado

et al. 2013

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“…Gravity wave momentum flux divergence forces a mean vertical advection and a mean meridional circulation required to balance the zonal body force, giving rise to summer cooling and winter heating [Fritts and Luo, 1995]. Thus the resulting temperature structure is determined by the thermal balance between radiative effects, the absorptive heating of solar UV radiation by O2 and 03 [Mlynczak and Solomon, 1993], and radiative cooling of CO2 infrared emission [Rodgers et al, 1992], chemical effects of exothermic reactions of odd hydrogen and odd oxygen [Mlynczak and Solomon, 1991], and dynamical effects of turbulence heating [Fritts and van Zandt, 1993;Liibken et al, 1993] and vertical transfer of heat by gravity waves [Walterscheid, 1981' Gardner andYang, 1998]. Much discussion on these topics has appeared in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lidar observations of seasonal variation of diurnal mean temperature in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W)

Chen¹,

Hu²,

White³

et al. 2000

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Two campaigns from February 1997 to January 1999 have resulted in 18 sets of continuous temperature measurements in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, Colorado (41 øN, 105øW), each covering a complete diurnal cycle, reasonably well distributed throughout the yearo It is shown that the winter-summer transitions, based on diurnal means, are abrupt and clear, further strengthening the concept of two-level mesopause, and demonstrate the robustness of this picture. Similar to data taken at Urbana, Illinois, our data at Fort Collins also demonstrate the need to observe over a complete diurnal cycle to deduce the uncontaminated mean temperature structure and seasonal variations in the mesopause region. The difference between annual diurnal, nighttime, and daytime means may be ascribed to a temperature wave propagating with a downward phase speed of-0.8 km/h. Our data show that the nighttime annual mean is colder than the diurnal annual mean by no more than 2 K below 88 km and warmer by no more than 3 K above 88 km where the three means are nearly the same. As in the Urbana data, we also observed the altitude of a secondary temperature minimum in the summer to be -96 km, which without strong dynamical cooling in the summer would have been the summer mesopause altitude.

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“…Convective instability, which is associated with temperature inversion, usually occurs when there is a large negative temperature gradient. Gravity waves can dissipate in the middle atmosphere, transporting heat downward and thus cooling the breaking region [Walterscheid, 1981;Gardner and Yang, 1998;Gardner and Liu, 2007;Li et al, 2007].…”

Section: Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium lidar‐observed gravity wave breaking followed by an upward propagation of sporadic sodium layer over Hefei, China

Ban

Fang

et al. 2015

JGR Space Physics

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The University of Science and Technology of China sodium temperature/wind lidar observed a strong zonal wind shear (~60 m/s/km) near 98 km between 1315 and 1330 UT on 29 July 2013 and a cooling near 96–100 km (above a warming near 90–95 km) between 1330 and 1430 UT. This suggests a possible gravity wave (GW) breaking event. Comparison of the lidar results with observations from a nearby meteor radar and with satellite results indicated that the GW likely broke down over a large horizontal area. In addition, the sodium number density suddenly increased 10–12 times (∼13, 000atm/cm3) near 95 km at 1400 UT, immediately following the GW breaking. This sporadic sodium layer (SSL), which is different from most previously observed SSL events (which propagate downward), tended to propagate upward and also appeared ~2 min earlier in the west channel than in the east channel. The horizontal propagation direction of the SSL was aligned with the horizontal wind direction, which was likely due to the propagation of a high‐density sodium layer from the northwest of the lidar site, and was possibly related to the earlier GW breaking event.

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Measurements of the dynamical cooling rate associated with the vertical transport of heat by dissipating gravity waves in the mesopause region at the Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico

Abstract: Abstract. Vertical heat flux and cooling rate profiles of the mesopause region resulting from dynamic processes were computed using wind and temperature measurements made

Cited by 71 publications

References 23 publications

Simultaneous, common‐volume lidar observations and theoretical studies of correlations among Fe/Na layers and temperatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at Boulder Table Mountain (40°N, 105°W), Colorado

Simultaneous, common‐volume lidar observations and theoretical studies of correlations among Fe/Na layers and temperatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at Boulder Table Mountain (40°N, 105°W), Colorado

Lidar observations of seasonal variation of diurnal mean temperature in the mesopause region over Fort Collins, Colorado (41°N, 105°W)

Sodium lidar‐observed gravity wave breaking followed by an upward propagation of sporadic sodium layer over Hefei, China

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