Measurements of the Atmospheric Mass, Energy, and Momentum Budgets Over a 500-Kilometer Square of Tropical Ocean

Holland, Joshua Z.; Rasmusson, Eugene M.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0044:motame>2.3.co;2

Cited by 242 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The vertical eddy heat flux is almost confined below the inversion base and the value of the total heat supply from the surface is about 400ly day-1. The budget results during this period are quite similar to those in an undisturbed trade-wind flow in the tropics analysed by Augstein et al (1973), Holland and Rasmusson (1973) and Nitta and Esbensen (1974).…”

Section: Period Of Cold-air Outbreaksupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Recently, Augstein et al (1973), Holland and Rasmusson (1973) and Nitta and Esbensen (1974) examined the mass, heat and moisture budgets in an undisturbed Atlantic trade wind flow. In spite of the difference between the vertical thermal structure in the AMTEX area and that in the Atlantic trade wind region, mass, heat and moisture budgets found over both regions are quite similar to each other.…”

Section: B Relative Vorticity and Vertical Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment

Nitta

1976

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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The atmospheric budgets of mass, heat and moisture are analysed for the first phase (February 14-28, 1974) of the Air-Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). The analysed period is subdivided into three parts according to different synoptic situations.During the period in which a warm air enters the AMTEX area from the subtropical region, a strong inversion lies near 800 mb and there is a downward motion with a maximum value near the inversion. An apparent heat sink and a moisture source of the large-scale motion system are found near the inversion base and total heat transports by subgrid-scale eddies are almost confined below the inversion base. The value of the total heat supply from the sea surface is estimated to be 400ly day-1. On the other hand during the period in which a cold-air outbreak occurs, a large amount of total heat energy more than 1,000 ly day-1 is supplied from the sea surface. A large apparent heat source and a large apparent moisture source are found in the layer between the sea surface and 800 mb. During the intermediate period between the previous two periods, the AMTEX area is affected by the traveling cyclones whose centers pass through to the north of the AMTEX area.Values of the total heat flux calculated by large-scale budgets agree quite well with those estimated independently by bulk aerodynamic computations.

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Section: Period Of Cold-air Outbreaksupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: B Relative Vorticity and Vertical Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment

Nitta

1976

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…The SAM (System for Atmospheric Modeling), nonhydrostatic, anelastic large eddy simulation (LES) model version 6.10.3 (Khairoutdinov and Randall, 2003) was used to simulate the well-studied trade cumulus case of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological EXperiment (BOMEX; Holland and Rasmusson, 1973;Siebesma et al, 2003). The BOMEX case is an idealized trade cumulus cloud field that is based on observations made near Barbados during June 1969.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent, non-monotonic response of warm convective cloud fields to changes in aerosol loading

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Large eddy simulations (LESs) with bin microphysics are used here to study cloud fields' sensitivity to changes in aerosol loading and the time evolution of this response. Similarly to the known response of a single cloud, we show that the mean field properties change in a nonmonotonic trend, with an optimum aerosol concentration for which the field reaches its maximal water mass or rain yield. This trend is a result of competition between processes that encourage cloud development versus those that suppress it. However, another layer of complexity is added when considering clouds' impact on the field's thermodynamic properties and how this is dependent on aerosol loading. Under polluted conditions, rain is suppressed and the non-precipitating clouds act to increase atmospheric instability. This results in warming of the lower part of the cloudy layer (in which there is net condensation) and cooling of the upper part (net evaporation). Evaporation at the upper part of the cloudy layer in the polluted simulations raises humidity at these levels and thus amplifies the development of the next generation of clouds (preconditioning effect). On the other hand, under clean conditions, the precipitating clouds drive net warming of the cloudy layer and net cooling of the sub-cloud layer due to rain evaporation. These two effects act to stabilize the atmospheric boundary layer with time (consumption of the instability). The evolution of the field's thermodynamic properties affects the cloud properties in return, as shown by the migration of the optimal aerosol concentration toward higher values.

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“…It is interesting to note that the maximum descending velocity and the inversion were located approximately at the same level. A similar situation occurs also in the trade-wind region (e.g., Holland and Rasmusson, 1973;Soong and Ogura, 1976). Thus, low-level clouds over central Texas shown in Fig.…”

Section: Analysis Of Data From the Storm-scale Networkmentioning

confidence: 64%

Possible Triggering Mechanisms for Severe Storms in SESAME-AVE IV (9–10 May 1979)

Ogura

Juang

Zhang

et al. 1982

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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The SESAME-AVE IV (9-10 May 1979) rawinsonde data were analyzed to uncover possible triggering mechanisms for severe storms that developed over western Oklahoma and Texas. The high frequency of observations (at 3 h intervals) and high vertical resolution of reported data (at 25 mb intervals) at all stations permitted investigation of the diurnal variation of the planetary boundary layer on the synoptic scale. Thunderstorms developed first just ahead of a stationary front over the Texas panhandle on the afternoon of 9 May. This area was characterized by the absence of a strong inversion (or "lid") that represented an interface between very warm and dry air aloft, and warm moist tropical air below. Apparently, mesoscale low-level ascending motion associated with frontal lifting and/or the inland sea breeze effect led to the removal of the lid. Another noteworthy feature in this storm event was the strong vertical wind shear at low and middle levels over the storm area. When combined with the development of a deep boundary layer with weak stratification during the daytime, the Richardson number became less than one in the boundary layer in the prestorm situation. The results of our numerical linear stability analysis indicate that the observed basic states were indeed symmetrically unstable. This may suggest that the triggering processes were argumented by symmetric instability. Although a well defined dry line was present, it does not seem to have contributed directly to initiation of storms in this case. It also was observed that, as the thermal low began to weaken in the early evening, the cold air behind a stationary front started advancing eastward and helped to extend the line of thunderstorms deep into central Texas. This may be another process whereby some storms prefer to develop in the late afternoon or early evening.

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Measurements of the Atmospheric Mass, Energy, and Momentum Budgets Over a 500-Kilometer Square of Tropical Ocean

Cited by 242 publications

References 6 publications

Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment

Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets during the Air Mass Transformation Experiment

Time-dependent, non-monotonic response of warm convective cloud fields to changes in aerosol loading

Possible Triggering Mechanisms for Severe Storms in SESAME-AVE IV (9–10 May 1979)

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